Protozoa
[modifica]
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Protozoa
Phyla: Euglenozoa – Kinetoplastida – Rhizopoda - Microspora - Protozoa incertae sedis
Nome[modifica]
Protozoa Goldfuss, 1817
Nomi comuni[modifica]
azərbaycanca: Protozoylar
беларуская: Прасцейшыя
català: Protozou
čeština: Prvoci
dansk: Protozoer
Deutsch: Urtiere; Urthiere (obsolete spelling)
español: Protozoo
français: Protozoaire
hrvatski: Praživotinje
magyar: Protozoa
interlingua: Protozoa
Bahasa Indonesia: Protozoa
Ido: Protozoo
Limburgs: Protozoa
Plattdüütsch: Protozoa
norsk nynorsk: Protozo
norsk: Protozo
polski: Pierwotniaki
português: Protozoário
română: Protozoar
Scots: Protozoa
Simple English: Protozoa
slovenčina: Prvoky
svenska: Urdjur
தமிழ்: முன்னுயிரிகள் (புரோட்டோசூவா)
Riferimenti[modifica]
Goldfuss, Georg August: Ueber die Entwicklungsstufen des Thieres, Nürnberg, Leonhard Schrag (1817) [1].
Additional references[modifica]
- Becker, E. R. & Kühn L. B. 1939: Genera of the protozoa. 65 p. (Mimeographed), [2].
- Mauch, E., Schmedtje, U., Maetze, A. & Fischer, F. 2003: Taxaliste der Gewässerorganismen Deutschlands zur Kodierung biologischer Befunde, [3]. (With a list of commented determinative literature.)
See also[modifica]
Alternative classifications (translate)[modifica]
[Note: in most classifications, Protozoa is currently considered a polyphyletic taxon. Some authors (e.g. Cavalier-Smith) still use it as a paraphyletic taxon, although most taxonomists prefer to use only monophyletic taxa. See Eukaryota for more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]
Goldfuss (1820)[modifica]
From Handbuch der Zoologie.
Class Protozoa
von Siebold (1848)[modifica]
Lehrbuch der vergleichenden. Vol. 1, Wirbellose Thiere, von C. Th. v. Siebold, 1848. Vol. 2, Wirbelthiere, von H. Stanius, 1846, [4].
Phylum Protozoa
Owen (1860)[modifica]
From Palæontology or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geological Relations.
Kingdom Protozoa
- Class Amorphozoa
- Class Rhizopoda
- Subclass Polycystineæ
- Class Infusoria
Hogg (1860)[modifica]
Hogg, J. (1860). On the distinctions of a Plant and an Animal and on a Fourth Kingdom of Nature. Edinburgh New Phil. J., N.S. 12: 216–225 [5].
- Mineral kingdom
- Vegetal kingdom
- Animal kingdom
- Primigenal kingdom (Regnum Primigenum)
- Protoctista
- Amorphoctista (Sponges)
Haeckel (1874)[modifica]
From Haeckel E (1874). Die Gastrea-Theorie, die phylogenetische Classification des Tierreiches und die Homologie der Keimblatter. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 8, 1–55, [6]. See See Kluge (2004-2014), [7].
[P. 32:]
1. Ablasteria | Protozoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
2. Diblasteria | Gastraeada | Zoophyta | Metazoa |
Spongiae | |||
3. Triblasteria | Acalephae | ||
4. Tetrablasteria | Acoelomi | Vermes | |
5. Pentablasteria | Coelomati | ||
Mollusca | Typozoa | ||
Echinoderma | |||
Arthropoda | |||
Vertebrata |
[P. 33:]
- Bilateria = Sphenota
- Vermes I + Vermes II [Sammtlische Würmer]
- Mollusca [Molluscken]
- Echinoderma [Echinotermen]
- Arthropoda [Arthropoden]
- Vertebrata [Vertebraten]
[P. 52:]
- Thierreichs
- Protozoa
- Metazoa [= Blastozoa, p. 19]
- Anaemaria
- Haemataria = Pentablasteria
Lankester (1877)[modifica]
Lankester, E. R. 1877. Notes on the embryology and classification of the animal kingdom: Comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of germ layers. Quartely Journal of Microscopical Science, 68:399-454, [8].
- Animalia [p. 442]
- Plastidozoa
- Protozoa
- Grade A. Gymnomyxa
- Class Gymnomyxa
- Grade B. Corticata
- Class Corticata
- Grade C. Stomatodea
- Class Suctoria
- Class Ciliata
- Class Proboscidea
- Grade A. Gymnomyxa
- Protozoa
- Enterozoa
- Plastidozoa
Saville-Kent (1880-1882)[modifica]
From Saville-Kent, W. (1880-1882). A manual of Infusoria. London: D. Bogue, 3 vols., [9].
Sub-kingdom Protozoa [p. 36]
- Section A. Pantostomata
- Class I. Rhizopoda
- Order 1. Amoebina (Amoeba)
- Order 2. Gregarinida (Gregarina)
- Order 3. Arcellinida (Gromia, Arcella)
- Order 4. Foraminifera (Rotalia, Nummulina)
- Order 5. Labyrinthulida (Labyrinthula)
- Order 6. Radiolaria (Actinophrys, Collosphaera)
- Order 7. Mycetozoa (Aethalium, Didymium)
- Class II. Flagellata [in part]
- Order 8. Trypanosomata (Trypanosoma)
- Order 9. Rhizo-Flagellata (Mastigamoeba, Podostoma)
- Order 10. Radio-Flagellata (Actinomonas, Euchitonia)
- Order 11. Flagellata-Pantostomata (Spumella, Anthophysa)
- Class I. Rhizopoda
- Section B. Discostomata
- Class II. Flagellata [in part]
- Order 12. Choano-Flagellata (vel Discostomata-Gymnozoida) (Codosiga, Salpingoeca, Protospongia)
- Order 13. Spongida (vel Discostomata-Cryptozoida) (Halisarca, Grantia, Spongilla)
- Class II. Flagellata [in part]
- Section C. Eustomata
- Class II. Flagellata [in part]
- Order 14. Flagellata-Eustomata (Euglena, Noctiluca)
- Order 15. Cilio-Flagellata (Peridinium, Heteromastix)
- Class III. Ciliata
- Order 16. Holotricha (Paramecium)
- Order 17. Heterotricha (Stentor, Spirostomum)
- Order 18. Hypotricha (Euplotes, Oxytricha)
- Order 19. Peritricha (Vorticella, Ophrydium)
- Class II. Flagellata [in part]
- Section D. Polystomata
- Class IV. Tentaticulifera
- Order 20. Actinaria (Ephelota)
- Order 21. Suctoria (Acineta, Dendrosoma)
- Class IV. Tentaticulifera
Sub-kingdom Protozoa [p. 211]
- Legion Infusoria
- Class Flagellata
- Class Ciliata
- Class Tentaticulifera
Bütschli (1880-1889)[modifica]
From Bütschli, O. (1880–1889). Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa, 1880-82 [10]. Abt. II, Mastigophora, 1883-87 [11]. Abt. III, Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, 1887-89 [12]. C.F. Winter, Leipzig.
Phylum Protozoa
- Class Sarkodina
- Subclass Rhizopoda
- Subclass Heliozoa
- Subclass Radiolaria
- Class Sporozoa
- Subclass Gregarinida
- Subclass Myxosporidia
- Subclass Sarcosporidia
- Class Mastigophora
- Order Flagellata
- Order Choanoflagellata
- Order Dinoflagellata
- Order Cystoflagellata
- Class Infusoria
Lankester (1885, 1891)[modifica]
Lankester, E. R. (1885). Article "Protozoa". In: Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.), 19: 830–866, [13].
Lankester, E. R. (1891). Article "Protozoa". In: Zoological Articles Contributed to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, [14].
- Protozoa
- Grade A. Gymnomyxa Lankester, 1878
- Class I. Proteomyxa Lankester
- Class II. Mycetozoa De Bary
- Class III. Lobosa Carpenter
- Class IV. Labyrinthulidea
- Class V. Heliozoa Haeckel, 1866
- Class VI. Reticularia Carpenter, 1862
- Class VII. Radiolaria Haeckel, 1862
- Grade B. Corticata Lankester, 1878
- Class I. Sporozoa Leuckart
- Class II. Flagellata Ehrenberg
- Class III. Dinoflagellata Bütschli
- Class IV. Rhychoflagellata Lankester
- Class V. Ciliata Ehrenberg
- Class VI. Acinetaria Lankester
- Grade A. Gymnomyxa Lankester, 1878
Blochmann (1886)[modifica]
Die mikroskopische Tierwelt des Süßwassers, 1st ed., 1886, [15].
Protozoa
- Klasse Rhizopoda
- Klasse Heliozoa
- Sporozoa
- Klasse Mastigophora
- Klasse Suctoria (Infusoria)
- Klasse Ciliata (Infusoria)
Haeckel (1889)[modifica]
Haeckel, E. 1889. Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, 8th ed, [16]. See p. 452, 453, 462, 508.
- Protistenreich
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Phytomonera
- Ordnung 1. Probiontes
- Chromaceae
- Ordnung 2. Chroococceae
- Ordnung 3. Nostochineae
- Phytomonera
- Klass II. Diatomeae
- Klass III. Cosmariae (Desmidieae)
- Klass IV. Palmellariae (Palmellaceae)
- Klass V. Siphoneae (Coeloblastae)
- Klass I. Phytarcha
- Protozoa (Protista animalia)
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Zoomonera
- Lobomonera
- Rhizomonera
- Bacteria
- Sphaerobacteria
- Rhabdobacteria
- Zoomonera
- Cytarcha
- Lobosa (Amoebina)
- Gregarinae (Sporozoa)
- Infusoria
- Flagellata (Mastigophora)
- Ciliata
- Acinetae (Suctoria)
- Rhizopoda
- Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
- Heliozoa
- Thalamaria (Foraminifera)
- Radiolaria
- Zoarcha (Zoocytoda)
- Protophyta (Protista vegetalia)
- Pflanzenreich
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Zygnemaceae
- Conferveae
- Fucoideae
- Florideae
- Characeae
- Fungi (Inophyta)
- Mycetes
- Lichenes
- Algae (Phycophyta)
- Prothallota (Mesophyta)
- Bryophyta
- Pteridophyta
- Phanerogamae (Anthophyta)
- Gymnospermae
- Cycadeae
- Coniferae
- Gnetaceae
- Angiospermae
- Monocotylae
- Dicotylae
- Gymnospermae
- Thallota (Thallophyta)
- Thierreich
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Coelomaria (Bilaterata, Bilateria, Haemataria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Echinoderma
- Articulata
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
- Coelenteria (Coelenterata, Zoophyta, Anaemaria)
Claus (1891)[modifica]
From Lehrbuch der zoologie.
Protozoa
Haeckel (1894)[modifica]
From Systematische phylogenie, 3 vols (vol. 1, Protisten und Pflanzen, 1894; vol. 2, Invertebrata, 1896; vol. 3, Vertebrata, 1895). [17].
[Vol. 1, p. 90-91:]
- Protophyta (Protista plasmodoma) [Vol. 1, p. 96]
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Probiontes
- Chromaceae (Phycochromaceae)
- Algariae (Paulosporata)
- Paulotomeae
- Conjugatae
- Diatomeae
- Algettae (Zoosporata)
- Mastigota
- Melethallia
- Siphoneae
- Archephyta (Progonella)
- Metaphyta (Histones plasmodomi) [Vol. 1, p. 256]
- Thallophyta
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Chlorophyceae
- Charaphyceae
- Phaeophyceae
- Rhodophyceae
- Mycetes [Vol. 1, p. 316]
- Ascomycetes (Ascodiomycetes)
- Basimycetes (Basidiomycetes)
- Lichenes [Vol. 1, p. 325]
- Algae, [Vol. 1, p. 302]
- Diaphyta [Vol. 1, p. 330]
- Bryophyta [Vol. 1, p. 336]
- Pteridophyta
- Anthophyta
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
- Thallophyta
- Protozoa (Protista plasmophaga) [Vol. 1, p. 138]
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Coccillida
- Bacillida
- Spirillida
- Zoomonera (= Monera s. str.)
- Lobomonera
- Rhizomonera
- Bacteria (= Bactromonera)
- Fungilli (= Sporozoa)
- Rhizopoda
- Infusoria
- Archezoa (= Zoarchega)
- Metazoa (Histones plasmophagi)
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
- Gastraeades
- Spongiae
- Cnidaria
- Platodes
- Bilateria (Coelomaria)
- Helminthes
- Mollusca
- Articulata
- Echinoderma
- Tunicata
- Vertebrata
- Coelenteria (Acoelomia)
Levander (1894)[modifica]
Levander, K.M. (1894). Materialien zur Kenntnis der Wasserfauna in der Umgebung Helsingfors, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Meeresfauna. I: Protozoa. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 12(2): 3–155, 3 pls, 1 table, [18].
- I. Sarcodina
- II. Mastigophora
- III. Infusoria
Blochmann (1895)[modifica]
Blochmann, F. (1895). Die mikroskopische Tierwelt des Süßwassers. Abt. I, Protozoa. In: Kirchner, O. & Blochmann, G., Die mikroskopische Pflanzen- und Tierwelt des Süßwassers. 2. Aufl., Teil II. Hamburg: Gräfe & Sillem, [19].
- I. Klasse Rhizopoda
- II. Klasse Heliozoa
- Sporozoa
- III. Klasse Mastigophora
- IV. Klasse. Infusoria
Delage & Hérouard (1896)[modifica]
Traité de zoologie concrète, t. 1, [20].
- Protozoa
- Classe Rhizopodia
- Classe Sporozoaria
- Classe Flagellia
- Classe Infusoria
Kalberlah & Schoenichen (1900)[modifica]
Kalberlah, A. & Schoenichen, W. B. (1900). Eyferth's Einfachste Lebensformen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches: Naturgeschichte der mikroskopischen Süsswasserbewohner. 3rd ed. Braunschweig: B. Goeritz, [21].
- Pflanzliche Organismen
- I. Schizophytae
- II. Euphyceae (Echte Algen)
- III. Fungi
- Tierische Organismen
- I. Einzellige Lebewesen – I. Protozoa
- I. Sarcodina
- II. Mastigophora (Flagellata)
- I. Protomastigina
- II. Polymastigina
- III. Euglenoidina
- I. Euglenida
- II. Astasiida
- III. Peranemida
- IV. Chloromonadina
- V. Holomastigina
- VI. Chromomonadina
- Anhang: Hydrurina
- III. Ciliata
- A. Gymnostomata
- B. Trichostomata
- I. Aspirotricha
- II. Spirotricha
- A. Heterotricha
- B. Oligotricha
- C. Hypotricha
- D. Peritricha
- IV. Suctoria
- II. Mehrzellige Lebewesen (Metazoa) – II. Rotatoria
- I. Einzellige Lebewesen – I. Protozoa
Doflein (1901)[modifica]
Doflein, F. (1901). Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger, 1st ed. Further editions: Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde.
- Stamm: Protozoa
- I. Unterstamm: Plasmodroma
- II. Unterstamm: Ciliophora
Doflein (1902)[modifica]
Doflein, F. (1902). Das System der Protozoen. Archiv für Protistenkunde 1: 169—192, [22].
- Stamm: Protozoa
- I. Unterstamm: Plasmodroma Doflein
- I. Unterstamm: Ciliophora Doflein
Lankester et al. (1903, 1909)[modifica]
Lankester, E. R. (ed.) A treatise on zoology, vol. 1, fasc. 1 (1909), fasc. 2 (1903), [23].
Protozoa
- Proteomyxa
- Heliozoa
- Mycetozoa
- Lobosa
- Radiolaria
- Mastigophora
- Appendix (Chlamydomyxa, Labyrinthula, Xenophyophoridae)
- Foraminifera
- Sporozoa
- Infusoria
Hartog (1906)[modifica]
Hartog, M. (1906). Protozoa. In: The Cambridge Natural History. Vol. 1, Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata and Echinodermata. (eds. S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley). London: Macmillan, [24].
Protozoa
Doflein (1911)[modifica]
From Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde, 3rd ed, 1911. (1st ed. named Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger, 1901).
Protozoa
Minchin (1912)[modifica]
An introduction to the study of the Protozoa, with special reference to the parasitic forms, 1st ed., [25].
Protozoa
Lühe (1913)[modifica]
From Lühe, M. 1913: Erstes Urreich der Tiere. In: Lang A, editor. Handbuch der morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere. Jena: G. Fischer. 416 p.
Protozoa
Poche (1913)[modifica]
Poche, F. 1913. Das System der Protozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 30: 125–321, [26].
Phylum Protozoa Goldfuss, 1817
- I. Superklasse: Plasmodroma Doflein (1901, p. 3)
- I. Klasse: Flagellata Cohn (1853, p. 273).
- I. Unterklasse: Euflagellata
- II. Unterklasse: Dinoflagellata
- II. Klasse: Rhizopoda
- I. Unterklasse: Chaoinea, nom. nov.
- II. Unterklasse: Radiolares
- III. Klasse: Cnidosporidia
- IV. Klasse: Sporozoa Leuckart (1897, p. 241).
- V. Klasse: Haplozooidea
- I. Klasse: Flagellata Cohn (1853, p. 273).
- II. Superklasse: Ciliophora
- VI. Klasse: Monomastigoidea
- VII. Klasse: Infusoria
- VIII. Klasse: Acinetoidea
Hartmann (1919)[modifica]
From Hartmann, M. "Allgemeine Morphologie und Physiologie der Protozoen". In: Lehrbuch der Mikrobiologie. Friedberger, E; Pfeiffer, R. [eds.] G. Fischer, 1919, [27], [28].
Protozoa
Calkins (1926)[modifica]
From The biology of the Protozoa.
Phylum Protozoa
- Subphylum Mastigophora Diesing
- Class Phytomastigoda Doflein
- Order Chrysomonadida
- Order Cryptomonadida Stein
- Order Dinoflagellida Stein
- Order Phytomonadida Blochmann
- Order Euglenida Stein
- Order Chloromonadida Klebs
- Class Zoomastigoda Doflein
- Order Pantastomatida Minchin
- Order Protomastigida
- Order Polymastigida Blochmann
- Order Hypermastigida
- Class Phytomastigoda Doflein
- Subphylum Sarcodina
- Class Actinopoda Calkins
- Class Rhizopoda von Siebold
- Subphylum Infusoria
- Subphylum Sporozoa
Wenyon (1926)[modifica]
Wenyon, C. M. 1926. Protozoology, a manual for medical men, veterinarians and zoologists. Baillière, Tyndall and Cox: London; New York: W. Wood. Vols. 1 and 2, [29].
Phylum Protozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodroma
- Class Rhizopoda
- Class Mastigophora
- Class Cnidosporidia
- Class Sporozoa
- Subphylum Ciliophora
Sandon (1927)[modifica]
Sandon, H., 1927. The composition and distribution of the protozoan fauna of the soil. London: Oliver and Boyd, [30].
- flagellates
- ciliates
- naked rhizopods (amoebae, heliozoa)
- testaceous rhizopods
Wailes (1937-1943)[modifica]
Wailes, G.H. (1937). Canadian Pacific fauna: 1. Protozoa. 1a. Lobosa; lb. Reticulosa; 1c. Heliozoa; 1d. Radiolaria. pp. 1-14. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Wailes, G.H. (1939). Canadian Pacific fauna. 1. Protozoa. 1e. Mastigophora. pp. 1-45, Fig. 138. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Wailes, G.H. (1943). Canadian Pacific fauna: 1. Protozoa. 1f. Ciliata; 1g. Suctoria. pp. 1-46. Toronto: Univ. Toronto Press, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Barkley (1949)[modifica]
Barkley, Fred A. "Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos." Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103, [31].
- Mychota (Monera, Anucleobionta)
- Protista
- Euthallophyta
- Rhodophyta
- Chrysophyta
- Pyrrophyta
- Euglenophyta
- Gonidiophyta
- Charophyta
- Phaeophyta
- Myxophyta
- Mycophyta
- Protozoa
- Sarcodina
- Foraminifera
- Actinopoda
- Fungilli
- Ciliata
- Suctoria
- Mesozoa
- Parazoa
- Porifera
- Euthallophyta
- Euplanta
- Euanimalia
Jahn & Jahn (1949)[modifica]
From Jahn, T.L. and F. F. Jahn, 1949. How to know the Protozoa. Brown, Dubuque, lowa.
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Metaphyta
- Kingdom Metazoa
- Kingdom Archetista
- Kingdom Protista
- Subkingdom Protozoa
Grassé et al. (1952-1994)[modifica]
From Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.), 1952-1994. Traité de Zoologie. Vol. 1, pt. I, Protozoaires: Flagellés, 1952. Vol. 1, pt. II, Protozoaires: Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies, 1953. Vol. 2, pt. I, Infusoires ciliés, 1984. Vol. 2, pt. II, Infusoires ciliés, 1994. Masson, Paris. See Fernández-Galiano (1964), [32].
Règne animal
Hall (1953)[modifica]
From Hall, R.P., 1953. Protozoology. Prentice-Hall, New York, [33]
Protozoa
Pennak (1953)[modifica]
Pennak, R.W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. 1st ed. Ronald, New York, [34].
Phylum Protozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodroma
- Class Mastigophora
- Class Sarcodina
- Class Sporozoa
- Subphylum Ciliophora
Kudo (1954)[modifica]
From Protozoology, 4th ed.
Phylum Protozoa Goldfuss
- Subphylum Plasmodroma Doflein
- Class Mastigophora Diesing
- Class Sarcodina Hertwig and Lesser
- Class Sporozoa Leuckart
- Subphylum Ciliophora Doflein
Edmondson (1959)[modifica]
Edmondson, W.T. (ed). 1959. Freshwater biology. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, [35].
Levine (1961)[modifica]
Levine, N. D. 1961. Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co., [36]. 2nd ed., 1973, [37]. 3r ed., 1985, renamed as Veterinary Protozoology, [38].
- Protozoa
- Class Mastigida
- Class Sarcodasida
- Class Telosporasida
- Class Piroplasmasida
- Class Toxoplasmasida
- Class Cnidosporasida
- Class Ciliasida
- Class Protociliasida
Mackinnon & Hawes (1961)[modifica]
Mackinnon, D.C. e Hawes, R.S.J. An Introduction to the Study of Protozoa. Oxford, RU: Oxford University Press, 1961, [39].
- Protozoa
- Class Rhizopoda
- Class Mastigophora
- Class Sporozoa
- Class Ciliata
Honigberg et al. (1964)[modifica]
Honigberg, B.M., Balamuth, W., Bovee, E.C., Corliss, J.O., Gojdics, M., Hall, R.P., Kudo, R.R., Levine, N.D., Loeblich, A.R.Jr., Weiser, J. and Wenrich, D.H., 1964: A revised classification of the phylum Protozoa. Journal of Protozoology, 11(1), p. 7-20, [40], [41]. See Fernández-Galiano (1964), [42].
Phylum Protozoa
- Subphylum Sarcomastigophora
- Subphylum Sporozoa
- Subphylum Cnidospora
- Subphylum Ciliophora
Dogiel (1965)[modifica]
General protozoology, 2nd ed.
Type Protozoa
- Subtype Plasmodroma
- Class Sarcodina
- Subclass Rhizopoda
- Order Amoebida
- Order Piroplasmida
- Suborder Piroplasmina
- Suborder Theileriina
- Order Testacea
- Order Foraminifera
- Subclass Heliozoa
- Order Actinophryda
- Order Centrohelida
- Order Desmothoraca
- Subclass Radiolaria
- Order Acantharia
- Order Spumellaria
- Order Nassellaria
- Order Phaeodaria
- Order Sticholoncha
- Subclass Rhizopoda
- Class Mastigophora (= Flagellata)
- Subclass Phytomastigina
- Order Chrysomonadida
- Order Silicoflagellida
- Order Cryptomonadida
- Order Heterochloridida
- Order Chloromonadida
- Order Euglenida
- Order Phytomonadida
- Order Dinoflagellata
- Subclass Zoomastigina
- Order Protomonadida
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Polymastigida
- Order Hypermastigida
- Subclass Opalinina
- Subclass Phytomastigina
- Class Sporozoa
- Subclass Gregarina
- Order Schizogregarinida
- Order Eugregarinida
- Subclass Coccidia (= Coccidiomorpha)
- Order Protococcidia
- Order Adeleida
- Order Coccidiida
- Suborder Eimeriidea
- Suborder Haemosporidia
- Subclass Gregarina
- Class Cnidosporidia
- Order Myxosporidia
- Order Microsporidia
- Order Actinomyxidia
- Class Sarcodina
- Subtype Ciliophora
- Class Ciliata (= Infusoria)
- Subclass Holotricha
- Order Gymnostomata
- Order Trichostomata
- Order Hymenostomata
- Order Astomata
- Order Apostomata
- Order Thigmotricha
- Subclass Spirotricha
- Order Heterotricha
- Order Oligotricha
- Order Tintinnoidea
- Order Entodiniomorpha
- Order Ctenostomata
- Order Hypotricha
- Subclass Peritricha
- Order Sessilida
- Order Mobilida
- Subclass Chonotricha
- Subclass Suctoria
- Subclass Holotricha
- Class Ciliata (= Infusoria)
- "Addendum. Groups of uncertain systematic position: (1) Sarcosporidia and (2) Toxoplasmida, both representing groups of Protozoa related to Sarcodina; Biocca (1956) unites them into one class, Toxoplasmatea; (3) Haplosporidia, which probably do not belong to the Protozoa; (4) Anaplasmida, which are not Protozoa but probably represent Rickettsias."
Grell (1968)[modifica]
From Grell K.G. (1968): Protozoologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2nd ed., 511 pp., [43], [44].
Protozoa
- Flagellata
- Rhizopoda
- Sporozoa
- Ciliata
- Incertae sedis: Cnidosporidia
Manwell (1968)[modifica]
Manwell, R. D. Introduction to Protozoology. 2nd rev. ed. NY: Dover, 1968.
Lepinis et al. (1973)[modifica]
Lepinis, A. K., Geltser, Yu. G., Chibisova, O. I. & Geptner, V. A. (1973). A key of soil Protozoa of European part of USSR. Mintis, Vilnius (in Russian), [45].
- Mastigophora
- Sarcodina
- Ciliata
- Sporozoa [not treated]
Westphal (1974)[modifica]
Westphal, A. (1974). Protozoen. In: Spezielle Zoologie, Band 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. English translation, 1976, [46].
- Class I: Flagellata or Mastigophora
- Class II: Rhizopoda
- Class III: Sporozoa
- Class IV: Ciliata or Ciliophora
Lauckner (1980)[modifica]
Lauckner, G. (1980). Diseases of protozoa. In: Diseases of Marine Animals. Kinne, O. (ed.). Vol. 1, p. 75-134., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, [47].
Levine et al. (1980)[modifica]
Levine, N. D.; J. O. Corliss; F. E. G. Cox; G. Deroux; J. Grain; B. M. Honigberg; G. F. Leedale; A. R. Loeblich, III; J. Lom; D. Lynn; E. G. Merinfeld; F. C. Page; G. Poljansky; V. Sprague; J. Vavra; and F. G. Wallace (1980). A newly revised classification of the Protozoa. J. Protozool., 27:37–58, [48], [49].
Subkingdom Protozoa
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora
- Subphylum Mastigophora
- Class Phytomastigophorea
- Class Zoomastigophorea
- Subphylum Opalinata
- Class Opalinatea
- Subphylum Sarcodina
- Superclass Rhizopoda
- Class Lobosea
- Class Acarpomyxea
- Class Acrasea
- Class Eumycetozoea
- Class Plasmodiophorea
- Class Filosea
- Class Granuloreticulosea
- Class Xenophyophorea
- Superclass Actinopoda
- Class Acantharea
- Class Polycystinea
- Class Phaeodarea
- Class Heliozoea
- Superclass Rhizopoda
- Subphylum Mastigophora
- Phylum Labyrinthomorpha
- Class Labyrinthulea
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- Phylum Microspora
- Class Rudimicrosporea
- Class Microsporea
- Phylum Ascetospora
- Class Stellatosporea
- Class Paramyxea
- Phylum Myxozoa
- Class Myxosporea
- Class Actinosporea
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Class Kinetofragminophorea
- Class Oligohymenophorea
- Class Polyhymenophorea
Cavalier-Smith (1981)[modifica]
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Biosystems, 14(3), 461-481, [50].
Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Eufungi
- Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
- Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
- Kingdom 7. Protozoa
- Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
- Kingdom 9. Chromophyta
Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
- Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
- Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
- Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
- Kingdom 5. Animalia
Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Biliphyta
- Kingdom Chromista
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Phylum Proterozoa (proteromonads, cyathobodonids, Opalinida)
- Phylum Dinozoa (dinoflagellates)
- Phylum Parabasalia (trichomonads and hypermastigids)
- Phylum Metamonadina (retortomonads, diplomonads, and oxymonads)
- Phylum Sporozoa (cregarines, coccidlans, and piroplasms)
- Phylum Infusoria (Ciliophora)
- Phylum Foraminifera
- Phylum Sarcodina (amoebae, amoeboflagellates, slime moulds (Mycetozoa), Radiolaria, Heliozoa, Acantharia, Myxosporea, Microsporea)
Parker et al. (1982)[modifica]
Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York, [51], [52]. See Brands (1989-2005), [53]
Superkingdom Prokaryotae
Superkingdom Eukaryotae
- Kingdom Plantae
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- Division Rhodophycota
- Division Chromophycota
- Division Euglenophycota
- Division Chlorophycota
- Division Myxomycota
- Division Eumycota
- Subkingdom Embryobionta
- Genus Echites
- Subkingdom Thallobionta
- Kingdom Protista (Haeckel, 1866)
- Phylum Euprotista [“containing the grat majority of protistans”]
- Phylum Gymnomyxa
- Subphylum Mycetozoa
- Subphylum Plasmodiophorina
- Subphylum Labyrinthulina
- Kingdom Animalia 1758
- Subkingdom Protozoa (Goldfuss, 1818)
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Honigberg & Balamuth, 1963)
- Phylum Labyrinthulata
- Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970
- Phylum Microspora Sprague, 1977
- Phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
- Phylum Ascetospora
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
- Subkingdom Phagocytellozoa
- Phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971
- Subkingdom Parazoa (Sollas, 1884)
- Phylum Porifera Grant, in Todd, 1836
- Subkingdom Eumetazoa (Butschli, 1910)
- Subkingdom Protozoa (Goldfuss, 1818)
[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986), [54].]
Honigberg (1984)[modifica]
Honigberg, B.M. (Chairman and Rapporteur) 1984. Phylogenetic relationships among protozoa (A round-table discussion), in Progress in Protozoology. VI Cong. Protozool., Warsaw, Poland, July 1981, [55].
Subkingdom Protozoa
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora
- Subphylum Mastigophora
- Class Phytomastigophorea
- Class Zoomastigophorea
- Subphylum Sarcodina
- Superclass Rhizopoda
- Superclass Actinopoda
- Subphylum Mastigophora
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- Phylum Microspora
- Phylum Myxozoa
- Phylum Ciliophora
Lee et al. (1985)[modifica]
From J.J. Lee, S.H. Hutner and E.C. Bovee, (eds.), An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, Society of Protozoologists, 1st ed., 1985, [56]. See Fernández-Galiano, 1990, [57].
Subkingdom Protozoa (Goldfuss, 1818) von Siebold, 1846
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora Honigberg & Balamuth, 1963
- Subphylum Mastigophora Diesing, 1866
- Class Phytomastigophorea Calkins, 1909
- Order Cryptomonadida
- Order Dinoflagellida
- Order Euglenida
- Order Chrysomonadida
- Order Heteromonadida
- Order Raphidomonadida
- Order Prymnesiida
- Order Volvocida
- Order Prasinomonadida
- Order Silicoflagellida
- Class Zoomastigophorea Calkins, 1909
- Order Choanoflagellida
- Order Cercomonadida
- Order Proteromonadida
- Order Retortamonadida
- Order Trichomonadida
- Order Oxymonadida
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Rhizomastigida
- Order Hypermastigida
- Order Ebriida
- Order Kinetoplastida
- Subphylum Opalinata Corliss & Balamuth, 1963
- Class Opalinatea Wenyon, 1926
- Subphylum Sarcodina Schmarda, 1871
- Superclass Rhizopodea von Siebold, 1845
- Class Lobosea Carpenter, 1861
- Class Acarpomyxea Page, 1976
- (Class Acrasea Schroter, 1886)
- Class Mycetozoea de Bary, 1859
- (Class Plasmodiophorea Cook, 1928)
- Class Filosea Leidy, 1879
- Class Granuloreticulosea de Saedeler, 1934
- (Class Xenophyophorea Schulze, 1904)
- Superclass Actinopodea Calkins, 1902
- Class Acantharea Haeckel, 1881
- Class Polycystina (Ehrenberg, 1838) Riedel, 1967
- Class Phaeodarea Haeckel, 1879
- Class Heliozoea Haeckel, 1866
- Phylum Labyrinthomorpha Page, 1980 (= Class Labyrinthulea Levine & Corliss, 1963)
- Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970
- Class Perkinsida Levine, 1978
- Class Sporozoasida Leuckart, 1879
- Phylum Microspora Sprague, 1969
- Class Metchnikovellidea Weiser, 1977 (= Class Rudimicrosporea Sprague, 1977)
- Class Microsporididea Corliss & Levine, 1963 (= Class Microsporea Delphy, 1963)
- Phylum Myxozoa Grasse, 1970
- Class Myxosporea Butschli, 1881
- Class Actinosporea Noble, 1980
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
- Subphylum Postciliodesmatophora Gerassimova & Seravin, 1976
- Class Karyorelictea Corliss, 1974
- Class Spirotrichea Butschli, 1889
- Subphylum Rhabdophora Small, 1976
- Class Prostomatea Schewiakoff, 1896
- Class Litostomatea Small & Lynn, 1981
- Subphylum Cyrtophora Small, 1976
- Class Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al., 1974
- Class Nassophorea Small & Lynn, 1981
- Class Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al., 1974
- Class Colpodea de Puytorac et al., 1974
Cavalier-Smith (1987)[modifica]
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503, 17–54.
- Superkingdom 1. Prokaryota
- Superkingdom 2. Eukaryota
Kreier & Baker (1987)[modifica]
Kreier, J.P. and J.R. Baker. Parasitic Protozoa. London: Allen & Unwin, 1987, [58].
parasitic protozoa
- Kingdom Protista
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora
- Subphylum Mastigophora
- Class Phytomastigophorea
- Class Zoomastigophorea
- Order Kinetoplastida
- Suborder Bodonida
- Suborder Trypanosomatina
- Order Retortamonadida
- Order Diplomonadida
- Order Trichomonadida
- Order Hypermastigida
- Order Kinetoplastida
- Subphylum Opalinata
- Order Opalinida
- Subphylum Sarcodina
- Superclass Rhizopoda
- Class Lobosea
- Subclass Gymnamoebia
- Order Amoebida
- Order Schizopyrenida
- Subclass Gymnamoebia
- Class Lobosea
- Superclass Rhizopoda
- Subphylum Mastigophora
- Phylum Labyrinthomorpha
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- Class Sporozoea
- Subclass Gregarinia
- Subclass Coccidia
- Order Eucoccidiida
- Suborder Adeleina
- Suborder Eimeriina
- Suborder Haemosporina
- Subclass Piroplasmia
- Order Piroplsamida
- Order Eucoccidiida
- Class Sporozoea
- Phylum Microspora
- Class Microsporea
- Order Bivalvulida
- Class Microsporea
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Harrison & Corliss (1991)[modifica]
Harrison, F. W. and Corliss, J. O. (eds.) 1991. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. I, Protozoa. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York. 493 pp., [59], [60].
"protozoa"
- Mastigophora
- Sarcodina
- "Sporozoa": Apicomplexa, Microsporidia, Haplosporidia, Paramyxea, Myxosporidia and Actinosporidia
- Ciliophora
Kreier (1991-1995)[modifica]
Kreier, J.P. (ed.). 1991-1995. Parasitic Protozoa, 2nd ed. 10 vols. (1-3 coedited by Baker, J.R.). Academic Press, San Diego, California, [61], [62]. (1st ed.: 1977, 4 vols.).
"parasitic protozoa"
- [vol. 1-2]
- [vol. 3]
- Rumen protozoa
- Balantidium coli
- Parasitic amebas of the intestinal tract
- Opportunistically pathogenic free-living amebae
- opalines
- [vol. 4]
- [vol. 5]
- [vol. 6]
- [vol. 7]
- [vol. 8]
- Flagellate parasites of fish
- Parasitic protozoa of molluscs and crustacea
- Myxosporea
- [vol. 9]
- [vol. 10]
- Leishmania
- Kinetoplastid hemoflagellates of reptiles
- Giardia
Cavalier-Smith (1993)[modifica]
From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, [63].
Empire Eukaryota
- Superkingdom 1. Archezoa
- Kingdom Archezoa
- Phylum 1. Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Phylum 2. Metamonada Grassé, 1952 stat. nov. et emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum 3. Microsporidia Balbiani, 1882 stat. nov. Weiser, 1977
- Kingdom Archezoa
- Superkingdom 2. Metakaryota
- Kingdom 1. Protozoa
- Subkingdom 1. Adictyozoa subking. nov.
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subphylum 1. Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Superclass 1. Percolomonada supercl. nov.
- Class 1. Percolomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (order Percolomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Superclass 2. Striatorhiza supercl. nov.
- Class 1. Heterolobosea Page and Blanton, 1985 emend. (syn. Acrasea Olive, 1975 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1987)
- Order Schizopyrenida Singh, 1952
- Order Acrasida Shroter, 1886 emend. Page & Blanton, 1985
- Class 2. Lyromonadea cl. nov. (order Lyromonadida ord. nov.)
- Class 1. Heterolobosea Page and Blanton, 1985 emend. (syn. Acrasea Olive, 1975 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1987)
- Superclass 1. Percolomonada supercl. nov.
- Subphylum 2. Pseudociliata Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 1. Pseudociliatea Cavalier-Smith, 1981 (sole order Pseudociliatida Corliss and Lipscomb, 1982; family Stephanopogonidae Corliss, 1961)
- Subphylum 1. Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subkingdom 2. Dictyozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Branch 1. Parabasalia new branch
- Phylum 1. Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Class 1. Trichomonadea Kirby, 1947 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (order Trichomonadida Kirby, 1947)
- Class 2. Hypermastigea Grassi & Foa, 1911 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- Order Lophomonadida Light, 1927
- Order Trichonymphida Poche, 1913
- Phylum 1. Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Branch 2. Bikonta new branch
- Infrakingdom 1. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Subphylum 1. Diplonemia subph. nov.
- Class 1. Diplonemea cl. nov. (order Diplonemida ord. nov. [Diplonema = Isonema])
- Subphylum 2. Euglenoida Butschli, 1884 (as Euglenoidina) emend. Senn, 1900 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Petalomonadea cl. nov. (order Petalomonadida ord. nov.)
- Class 2. Peranemea cl. nov. (orders Ploeotiida ord. nov.; Peranemida Butschli, 1884 stat. nov.)
- Class 3. Aphagea cl. nov.
- Subclass 1. Euglenia subcl. nov. (orders Astasida Ehrenberg, 1831 stat. nov.; Eutreptiida Leedale, 1967)
- Subclass 2. Rhabdomonadia subcl. nov. (order Rhabdomonadida Leedale, 1967)
- Subphylum 3. Kinetoplasta Honigberg, 1963 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (= subcl. Bodonidea Hollande, 1958)
- Order Bodonida Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman, 1976, Krylov et al., 1980
- Order Trypanosomida Kent, 1880 stat. nov. Hollande, 1952)
- Class 1. Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976 stat. nov. Margulis, 1974 (= subcl. Bodonidea Hollande, 1958)
- Subphylum 1. Diplonemia subph. nov.
- Phylum 1. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Infrakingdom 2. Neozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Parvkingdom 1. Ciliomyxa parvking. nov.
- Superphylum 1. Opalomyxa superphyl. nov.
- Phylum 1. Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Subphylum 1. Proterozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. stat. nov. 1993
- Class 1. Heteromitea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Subclass 1. Sarcomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Superorder 1. Jakobidea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 {orders Cercomonadida Poche, 1913 emend. Grasse, 1952 [Cercomonas, Heteromita, Massistenia, Discocelis]; Jakobida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 [Jakoba Patterson, 1990]}
- Superorder 2. Thaumatomonadidea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (order Thaumatomonadida Shirkina, 1987)
- Superorder 3. Proteomyxidea Lankester, 1885 emend. stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Pseudosporida Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Leucodictyida Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subclass 2. Thecomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993 {orders Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov, 1989 [Amastigomonas and Apusomonas (incl. Rostromonas); Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (Cryothecomonas)]}
- Subclass 3. Anisomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Diphylleida Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Proteromonadida Grassé, 1957 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subclass 4. Phagodinia subcl. nov. {order Phagodinida ord. nov. [Phagodinium]}
- Subclass 1. Sarcomonadia Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 2. Telonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Telonemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Nephromycida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 [Nephromyces Giard, 1888])
- Class 3. Cyathobodonea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd, 1985; Spongomonadida Hibberd, 1983 [including Phalansteriida Hibberd, 1983]; Kathablepharida Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Class 4. Ebridea Lemmermann, 1901 emend. Deflandre, 1936 stat. nov. Loeblich III, 1970 orthog. emend. (order Ebriida Deflandre, 1936)
- Class 5. Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl, 1897 orthog. emend. (orders Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Plasmodiophorida Cook, 1928)
- Class 1. Heteromitea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Subphylum 2. Opalinata Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
- Class 1. Opalinea Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Karotomorphida Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Opalinida Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Hall, 1953)
- Subphylum 3. Kinetomonada Cavalier-Smith, 1993.
- Class 1. Kinetomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Histionida Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
- Subphylum 4. Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 (order Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 [Spironema, Stereonema, Hemimastix])
- Subphylum 1. Proterozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. stat. nov. 1993
- Phylum 2. Mycetozoa de Bary, 1873 stat. nov. Engler & Prantl, 1888
- Subphylum 1. Eumyxa nomen novum pro Plasmodiogymnomycotina Martin, Alexopoulos & Farr, 1983
- Class 1. Protostelea Olive & Stoianovitch, 1966
- Class 2. Myxogastrea Fries, 1829 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1. Gastromyxia nomen novum pro Myxogastromycetidae
- Subclass 2. Stemonitia Ross, 1973 orthog. emend.
- Subphylum 2. Dictyostelia Lister, 1909 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Dictyostelea Lister, 1909 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1. Eumyxa nomen novum pro Plasmodiogymnomycotina Martin, Alexopoulos & Farr, 1983
- Phylum 1. Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Superphylum 2. Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1983 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1. Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. 1983
- Class 1. Choanomonadea Krylov et al., 1980 (syn. Craspedophyceae Chadefaud, 1960, Craspedomonadophyceae Hibberd, 1976; both unsuitable for a purely zoological taxon) (order Choanoflagellida Kent, 1880 emend. Hibberd, 1983 = family Craspedomonadina Stein, 1878)
- Phylum 1. Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend. 1983
- Superphylum 1. Opalomyxa superphyl. nov.
- Parvkindgdom 2. Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. nov.
- Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend.
- Subphylum 1. Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Class 1. Colponemea cl. nov. (order Colponemida ord. nov.)
- Class 2. Oxyrrhea Cavalier-Smith, 1987 (order Oxyrrhida orthog. emend. pro Oxyrrhinales Sournia in Taylor, 1990)
- Class 3. Ellobiopsea orthog. emend. pro Ellobiophyceae Loeblich III, 1970
- Subphylum 2. Dinoflagellata Butschli, 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 1991 (originally a class) (syn. Cilioflagellata Müller, Dinophyta auct., Dinophyceae Pascher, 1914)
- Superclass 1. Syndina supercl. nov.
- Class 1. Syndinea Chatton, 1920 stat. nov. Loeblich, 1976 orthog. emend. Corliss, 1984
- Superclass 2. Hemidinia supercl. nov.
- Class 1. Noctilucea Haeckel, 1866 stat. nov. (order Cystoflagellata Haeckel, 1873 stat. nov. Butschli, 1887)
- Class 2. Haplozooidea Poche, 1911 (syn. Blastodiniphyceae Fensome et al., 1993 orthog. emend.) (order Blastodinida Chatton, 1906)
- Superclass 3. Dinokaryota supercl. nov.
- Class 1. Peridinea Ehrenberg, 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein, 1901 emend.
- Subclass 1. Gymnodinoidia Poche, 1913 stat. nov. (syn. Gymnodiniphycidae Fensome et al., 1993)
- Subclass 2. Peridinoidia Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Fritsch, 1935 (syn. Peridiniphycidae Fensome et al., 1993)
- Subclass 3. Prorocentroidia Lemmermann, 1899, stat. nov. (syn. Prorocentrophycidae Fensome et al., 1993)
- Subclass 4. Desmocapsoidia Pascher, 1941 stat. nov.
- Subclass 5. Thoracosphaeroidia subcl. nov.
- Class 2. Bilidinea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (orders Dinophysida Lindemann, 1928 and Nannoceratopsida)
- Class 1. Peridinea Ehrenberg, 1830 stat. nov. Wettstein, 1901 emend.
- Superclass 1. Syndina supercl. nov.
- Subphylum 1. Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991
- Phylum 2. Apicomplexa Levine, 1970 emend.
- Subphylum 1. Apicomonada subph. nov.
- Class 1. Apicomonadea cl. nov. (orders Perkinsida Levine, 1978; Colpodellida ord. nov. pro Spiromonadida Krylov & Mylnikov, 1986)
- Subphylum 2. Gamontozoa subph. nov.
- Infraphylum 1. Sporozoa Leuckart, 1879 stat. nov.
- Superclass 1. Gregarinia Dufour, 1828 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Eogregarinea cl. nov.
- Class 2. Neogregarinea cl. nov.
- Superclass 2. Coccidia Leuckart, 1879 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Coelotrophea cl. nov.
- Class 2. Eucoccidea cl. nov.
- Superclass 1. Gregarinia Dufour, 1828 stat. nov.
- Infraphylum 2. Hematozoa Vivier, 1982 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Haemosporea Danilewsky, 1885 stat. nov. Sleigh, 1989
- Class 2. Piroplasmea Wenyon, 1926 stat. nov. Levine, 1971
- Infraphylum 1. Sporozoa Leuckart, 1879 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1. Apicomonada subph. nov.
- Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend.
- Superphylum 2. Heterokaryota Hickson, 1903 stat. nov.
- Phylum 3. Ciliophora Doflein, 1901 stat. nov. Copeland, 1956 emend. auct.
- Class 1. Spirotrichea Butschli, 1889 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1. Heterotrichia Stein, 1859 stat. nov.
- Subclass 2. Choreotrichia Small & Lynn, 1985
- Subclass 3. Stichotrichia Small & Lynn, 1985
- Class 2. Prostomatea Schewiakoff, 1896
- Class 3. Litostomatea Small & Lynn, 1981
- Subclass 1. Haptoria Corliss, 1974
- Subclass 2. Trichostomatia Butschli, 1889
- Class 4. Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al., 1974
- Subclass 1. Phyllopharyngia de Puytorac et al., 1974
- Subclass 2. Chonotrichia Wallengren, 1895
- Subclass 3. Suctoria Butschli, 1889
- Class 5. Nassophorea Small & Lynn, 1981
- Subclass 1. Nassophoria Small & Lynn, 1981
- Subclass 2. Hypotrichia Stein, 1859 stat. nov.
- Class 6. Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al., 1974
- Subclass 1. Hymenostomatia Delage & Herouard, 1896 stat. nov.
- Subclass 2. Peritrichia Stein, 1859 stat. nov.
- Subclass 3. Astomatia Schewiakoff, 1896
- Subclass 4. Apostomatia Chatton & Lwoff, 1928
- Subclass 5. Plagiopylia Small & Lynn, 1985
- Class 7. Colpodea de Puytorac et al., 1974
- Class 8. Karyorelictea Corliss, 1974
- Class 1. Spirotrichea Butschli, 1889 stat. nov.
- Phylum 3. Ciliophora Doflein, 1901 stat. nov. Copeland, 1956 emend. auct.
- Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Parvkingdom 3. Actinopoda Calkins, 1902 stat. nov. (originally a class)
- Phylum 1. Heliozoa Haeckel, 1866 emend. stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- Class 1. Nucleohelea cl. nov. (orders Desmothoracida Hertwig & Lesser, 1874; Actinophryida Hartmann, 1913)
- Class 2. Centrohelea Kuhn, 1926 (orders Axoplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier, 1984 stat. nov.; Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier, 1984 stat. nov.)
- Phylum 2. Radiozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Subphylum 1. Spasmaria subph. nov.
- Class 1. Acantharea Haeckel, 1881 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1. Holacanthia subcl. nov. (orders Holacanthida Schewiakoff, 1926; Plegmacantha, Rechetniak, 1981)
- Subclass 2. Euacanthia subcl. nov. (3 orders)
- Class 2. Sticholonchea Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Petrushevskaja, 1977
- Class 1. Acantharea Haeckel, 1881 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 2. Radiolaria Muller, 1858 emend. stat. nov.
- Class 1. Polycystinea Ehrenberg, 1838 stat. nov.
- Subclass 1. Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
- Subclass 2. Nassellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
- Class 2. Phaeodarea Haeckel, 1879
- Class 1. Polycystinea Ehrenberg, 1838 stat. nov.
- Subphylum 1. Spasmaria subph. nov.
- Phylum 1. Heliozoa Haeckel, 1866 emend. stat. nov. Margulis, 1974
- Parvkingdom 4. Neosarcodina parvking. nov.
- Phylum 1. Rhizopoda Dujardin, 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel, 1866 emend.
- Class 1. Lobosea Carpenter, 1861 stat. nov. emend.
- Subclass 1. Gymnamoebia Haeckel, 1862 stat. nov. (orders Euamoebida Lepsi, 1960; Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons, 1976 emend. Page, 1987; Copromyxida ord. nov.; Acanthopodida Page, 1976; Loboreticulatida Page, 1987).
- Subclass 2. Testacealobosia de Saedeleer, 1934 (orders Arcellinida Kent, 1880, Trichosida Mobius, 1889 Himatismenida Page, 1987)
- Class 2. Filosea Leidy, 1879 emend.
- Subclass 1. Cristidiscoidia Page, 1987 stat. nov. (orders Nucleariida ord. nov.; Fonticulida ord. nov.)
- Subclass 2. Cristivesiculatia Page, 1987 stat. nov. (order Vampyrellida Starobogatov ex Krylov et al., 1980)
- Subclass 3. Testaceafilosia De Saedeleer, 1934 (order Gromiida Claparede & Lachmann, 1859)
- Class 1. Lobosea Carpenter, 1861 stat. nov. emend.
- Phylum 2. Reticulosa Carpenter, 1862 emend. stat. nov. (syn. Granuloreticulosa) de Saedeleer, 1834
- Subphylum 1. Athalamia subph. nov.
- Class 1. Athalamea Haeckel, 1862 stat. nov. Lee, 1990 (orders Athalamida Haeckel, 1862; Promycetozoida Grell, 1985)
- Subphylum 2. Foraminifera (D'Orbigny, 1826) Eichwald, 1830 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Class 1. Monothalamea Haeckel, 1862 stat. nov.
- Class 2. Polythalamea Ehrenberg, 1838 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Subclass 1. Allogromioidia Chapman & Parr, 1936 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980
- Subclass 2. Textularidia Lankester, 1885 stat. nov. Mikhalevich, 1980 (orders Ammodiscida; Lituolida)
- Subclass 3. Fusulinidia Fursenko, 1958 stat. nov. (orig. order)
- Subclass 4. Miliolidia Lankester, 1885 stat. nov. Saidova, 1981 (order Miliolida)
- Subclass 5. Rotalidia Lankester, 1885, stat. nov. (orders Nodosariida; Buliminida; Discordida; Spirillinida; Globigerinida; Orbiloidida; Cassidulinida; Certerinida; Robertinida)
- Subphylum 1. Athalamia subph. nov.
- Neosarcodina incertae sedes
- Class Xenophyophorea Schulze, 1904
- Class Schizocladea Cedhagen & Mattson, 1992
- Class Holosea cl. nov. (order Luffisphaerida ord. nov.)
- Phylum 1. Rhizopoda Dujardin, 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel, 1866 emend.
- Parvkingdom 5. Entamoebia parvking. nov.
- Phylum 1. Entamoebia phyl. nov.
- Class 1. Entamoebea Cavalier-Smith, 1991 (order Entamoebida ord. nov.)
- Phylum 1. Entamoebia phyl. nov.
- Parvkingdom 6. Myxozoa Grassé, 1970 stat. nov. emend.
- Phylum 1. Myxosporidia Butschli, 1881 stat. nov. Grasse, 1970
- Pseudoclass 1. Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881 stat. nov.
- Pseudoclass 2. Actinomyxea Štolc, 1899 stat. nov. (syn. Actinosporea Noble, 1980)
- Phylum 2. Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil, 1899 stat. nov. Corliss, 1984
- Class 1. Haplosporea Chatton, 1911 stat. nov. Desportes and Nashed, 1983
- Phylum 3. Paramyxia Chatton, 1911 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Paramyxea Chatton, 1911, stat. nov. emend. Desportes, 1981 (orders Paramyxida Chatton, 1911; Marteiliida Desportes & Ginsburger-Vogel, 1977)
- Phylum 1. Myxosporidia Butschli, 1881 stat. nov. Grasse, 1970
- Parvkingdom 7. Mesozoa van Beneden, 1876 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1. Mesozoa van Beneden, 1876
- Class 1. Rhombozoa van Beneden, 1876 (orders Dicyemida van Beneden; Heterocyemida van Beneden)
- Class 2. Orthonectea Giard, 1879 stat. nov. (order Orthonectida Giard, 1879)
- Phylum 1. Mesozoa van Beneden, 1876
- Parvkingdom 1. Ciliomyxa parvking. nov.
- Infrakingdom 1. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981 stat. nov.
- Branch 1. Parabasalia new branch
- Subkingdom 1. Adictyozoa subking. nov.
- Kingdom 2. Plantae
- Subkingdom 1. Viridiplantae
- Subkingdom 2. Biliphyta
- Kingdom 3. Animalia
- Kingdom 4. Fungi
- Kingdom 5. Chromista
- Subkingdom 1. Chlorarachnia
- Subkingdom 2. Euchromista (cryptomonads, Goniomonas, heterokonts, and haptophytes)
- Kingdom 1. Protozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1996/97)[modifica]
From Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa, [64], [65].
Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order Anaeromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum Parabasala Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Phylum Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subkingdom Neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov.
- Infrakingdom 1. Sarcodina Hertwig & Lesser 1874 infrak. nov.
- Superphylum 1. Eosarcodina superph. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1. Reticulosa Carpenter 1862 emend. stat. nov. de Saedeleer 1934
- Phylum 2. Mycetozoa de Bary 1873 stat. nov. Engler & Prantl 1888
- Superphylum 2. Haplosporida Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil 1899 stat. nov. Corliss 1984
- Superphylum 3. Neosarcodina Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 1996
- Phylum 1. Rhizopoda Dujardin 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1. Phytomyxa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 orthog. emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1. Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Phagomyxa)
- Order 2. Plasmodiophorida Cook 1928 (e.g. Plasmodiophora)
- Class Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 orthog. emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 2. Reticulofilosa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1. Chlorarachnea Hibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Chlorarachnida Hibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend. (e.g. Chlorarachnion, Cryptochlora)
- Class 2. Proteomyxidea Lankester 1885 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1. Pseudosporida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Pseudospora)
- Order 2. Leucodictyida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Leucodictyon)
- Class 1. Chlorarachnea Hibberd & Norris 1984 orthog. emend Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 3. Monadofilosa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1. Sarcomonadea Cavalier -Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995 emend.
- Order 1. Cercomonadida Poche 1913 emend. Vickerman in Honigberg 1983 (e.g. Cercomonas, Heteromita, Massisteria)
- Order 2. Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987 (e.g. Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix)
- Class 2. Filosea Leidy 1879 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass 1. Cristidiscoidia Page 1987 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1. Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Nuclearia)
- Order 2. Fonticulida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Fonticula)
- Order 3. Ministeriida ord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Ministeria)
- Subclass 2. Cristivesiculatia Page 1987 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order Vampyrellida Starobogatov ex Krylov et al. 1980 (e.g. Vampyrella)
- Subclass 3. Testaceafilosia De Saedeleer 1934
- Order 1. Gromiida Claparède & Lachmann 1856 (e.g. Gromia)
- Order 2. Euglyphida stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Euglypha, Paulinella)
- Subclass 1. Cristidiscoidia Page 1987 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class 1. Sarcomonadea Cavalier -Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995 emend.
- Subphylum 1. Phytomyxa subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 2. Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 stat. nov. Corliss 1984 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1. Lobosa Carpenter 1861 stat. nov.
- Class 2. Amoebaea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order 1. Euamoebida Lepşi 1960 (e.g. Amoeba)
- Order 2. Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons 1976 emend. Page 1987 (e.g. Leptomyxa)
- Order 3. Copromyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Copromyxa)
- Order 4. Acanthopodida Page 1976 (e.g. Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella)
- Order 5. Loboreticulatida Page 1987 (Corallomyxa)
- Class 2. Testacealobosea De Saedeleer 1934 stat. nov.
- Order 1. Arcellinida Kent 1880 (e.g. Arcella, Difflugia)
- Order 2. Trichosida Möbius 1889 (Trichosphaerium)
- Order 3. Himatismenida Page 1987 (e.g. Cochliopodium)
- Class 2. Amoebaea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 2. Holomastiga subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class Holomastiga cl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order Holomastigida Lauterborn 1895 (as suborder Holomastigina) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Multicilia)
- Class Holomastiga cl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 3. Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Pelobiontea Page 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Order 1. Mastigamoebida Frenzel 1892 (syn. Rhizoflagellata Kent 1880) (e.g. Mastigina, Mastigamoeba, Mastigella, Pelomyxa)
- Order 2. Phreatamoebida Cavalier-Smith 1991 (Phreatamoeba)
- Class 2. Entamoebea Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Order Entamoebida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Entamoeba)
- Class 1. Pelobiontea Page 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Subphylum 1. Lobosa Carpenter 1861 stat. nov.
- Phylum 1. Rhizopoda Dujardin 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Superphylum 1. Eosarcodina superph. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infrakingdom 2. Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 infrak. nov.
- Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987
- Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
- Phylum 2. Apicomplexa Levine 1970 emend.
- Superphylum 2. Heterokaryota Hickson 1903 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 emend. auct.
- Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987
- Infrakingdom 3. Actinopoda Calkins 1902 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infrakingdom Neomonada Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1. Neomonada phyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 1. Apusozoa subphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infraphylum 1. Extrumonada infraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1. Thecomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 (as subclass) stat. nov. 1995
- Order 1. Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov 1989 (Apusomonas)
- Order 2. Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Cryothecomonas)
- Class 2. Jakobea cl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order 1. Jakobida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Jakoba)
- Order 2. Discocelida ord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Discocelis)
- Class 3. Kinetomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subclass 1. Varicristia subcl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order Histionida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Histiona, Reclinomonas, Ancyromonas)
- Subclass 2. Ramicristia subcl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Order 1. Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Dimorpha, Tetradimorpha)
- Order 2. Commatiida ord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Commation)
- Subclass 1. Varicristia subcl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1. Thecomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 (as subclass) stat. nov. 1995
- Infraphylum 2. Eurymonada infraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1. Anisomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
- Order 1. Diphylleida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Diphyllea)
- Order 2. Phagodinida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Phagodinium)
- Order 3. Caecitellida ord. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Caecitellus)
- Class 2. Ebridea Lemmermann 1901 emend. Deflandre 1936 stat. nov. Loeblich III 1970
- Order Ebriida Deflandre 1936 (e.g. Ebria, Hermesinum)
- Class 1. Anisomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
- Infraphylum 1. Extrumonada infraphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Subphylum 2. Isomita subphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Class 1. Cyathobodonea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1. Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd 1985 (Cyathobodo, Pseudodendromonas)
- Order 2. Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 emend. Karpov 1990 (Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron, Phalansterium)
- Order 3. Kathablepharida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Kathablepharis)
- Class 2. Telonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Order 1. Telonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Telonema)
- Order 2. Nephromycida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Nephromyces)
- Class 1. Cyathobodonea Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Subphylum 3. Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988
- Order Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 (e.g. Spironema, Hemimastix)
- Class Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988
- Subphylum 4. Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1983 stat. nov.
- Class 1. Choanoflagellea Kent 1880 (as order Choanoflagellida) stat. nov. (syn. Choanomonadea Krylov et al. 1980)
- Order 1. Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1996 (e.g. Monosiga)
- Families Codosigidae and Salpingoecidae
- Order 2. Acanthoecida Cavalier-Smith 1996 (e.g. Diaphanoeca)
- Family Acanthoecidae
- Order 1. Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1996 (e.g. Monosiga)
- Class 2. Corallochytrea Cavalier-Smith 1995
- Order Corallochytrida Cavalier-Smith 1995 (Corallochytrium)
- Class 1. Choanoflagellea Kent 1880 (as order Choanoflagellida) stat. nov. (syn. Choanomonadea Krylov et al. 1980)
- Subphylum 1. Apusozoa subphyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Phylum 1. Neomonada phyl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
- Infrakingdom 1. Sarcodina Hertwig & Lesser 1874 infrak. nov.
Patterson (1996)[modifica]
Patterson, D.J. (1996). Free-living freshwater protozoa: a colour guide. John Wiley & Sons: New York; Manson Publishing: London; UNSW Press; Sydney. 223 p., [66].
"protozoa"
- 1. ciliates
- 2. flagellates
- 3. amoebae
Cavalier-Smith (1998a)[modifica]
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (ed.) Evolutionary relationships among protozoa. Kluwer, London, pp. 375-407, [67].
- Kingdom Protozoa
Cavalier-Smith (1998b)[modifica]
From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [68].
Empire or Superkingdom 1. Prokaryota
Empire or Superkingdom 2. Eukaryota
- Kingdom 1. Protozoa Goldfuss 1818 stat. nov. Owen 1858 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom 1. Archezoa Cavalier-Smith 1983 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Phylum 1. Metamonada Grassé 1952 stat. nov. et em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subphylum 1. Eopharyngia Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Giardia, Hexamita, Trepomonas, Chilomastix)
- Subphylum 2. Axostylaria Grassé 1952 stat. nov. em. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Oxymonas, Pyrsonympha)
- Phylum 2. Trichozoa Cavalier-Smith 1997
- Subphylum 1. Anaeromonada Cavalier-Smith 1997 (Trimastix)
- Subphylum 2. Parabasala Honigberg 1973 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Trichomonas, Trichonympha)
- Phylum 1. Metamonada Grassé 1952 stat. nov. et em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Subkingdom 2. Neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1997 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Infrakingdom 1. Sarcomastigota Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. em. [probably paraphyletic]
- Phylum 1. Neomonada Cavalier-Smith 1997. [probably paraphyletic]
- Subphylum 1. Apusozoa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Apusomonas, Ancyromonas, Jakoba, Reclinomonas Ebria)
- Subphylum 2. Isomita Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Phalansterium, Cyathobodo, Kathablepharis)
- Subphylum 3. Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 em. 1983 stat. nov. (e.g. Monosiga, Diaphanoeca, Corallochytrium, Psorospermium) [probably paraphyletic.]
- Phylum 2. Cercozoa phyl. nov. (syn. Rhizopoda Von Siebold 1845 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 as emended by Cavalier-Smith 1995b, 1997a; present phylum emended by addition of Spongomonadida and transfer of Cristidiscoidia to Choanozoa: Cavalier-Smith, 1997b)
- Subphylum Phytomyxa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Plasmodiophora)
- Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Chlorarachnion, Cryptochlora)
- Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Cercomonas, Gymnophrys, Euglypha, Spongomonas)
- Phylum 3. Foraminifera (D’Orbigny 1826) Eichwald 1830 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g. Allogromia, Ammonia)
- Phylum 4. Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 stat. nov. em.
- Subphylum 1. Lobosa Carpenter 1861 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 em. (e.g. Amoeba, Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia, Multicilia)
- Subphylum 2. Conosa subphyl. nov.
- Infraphylum 1. Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. (e.g. Pelomyxa, Mastigamoeba, Phreatamoeba, Entamoeba)
- Infraphylum 2. Mycetozoa De Bary 1859 stat. nov.
- Superclass 1. Eumyxa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. (e.g. Protostelium, Physarum) [probably paraphyletic]
- Superclass 2. Dictyostelia Lister 1909 stat. nov. (e.g. Dictyostelium)
- Phylum 1. Neomonada Cavalier-Smith 1997. [probably paraphyletic]
- Infrakingdom 2. Discicristata infraking. nov.
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991.
- Subphylum 1. Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Percolomonas, Naegleria)
- Subphylum 2. Pseudociliata Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Stephanopogon)
- Phylum 2. Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981.
- Subphylum 1. Plicostoma subphyl. nov.
- Superclass Diplonemia Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. (e.g. Diplonema)
- Superclass Euglenoida Bütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Euglena, Petalomonas, Peranema)
- Subphylum 2. Saccostoma subphyl. nov.
- Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g. Bodo, Trypanosoma, Leishmania)
- Class Postgaardea cl. nov. (sole genus Postgaardi Simpson et al., 1997)
- Subphylum 1. Plicostoma subphyl. nov.
- Phylum 1. Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991.
- Infrakingdom 3. Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 em.
- Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987.
- Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.
- Subphylum 1. Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 em. (e.g. Colponema, Ellobiopsis, Spironema, Hemimastix, Colpodella, Perkinsus) [probably paraphyletic]
- Subphylum 2. Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1991 (e.g. Noctiluca, Crypthecodinium, Amphidinium)
- Phylum 2. Sporozoa Leuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 (syns Telosporidia Schaudinn 1900; Euspora Levine 1961; Polannulifera Levine 1969; Apicomplexa Levine 1970 pro parte)
- Subphylum 1. Gregarinae Haeckel 1866 stat. nov. (e.g. Monocystis)
- Subphylum 2. Coccidiomorpha Doflein 1901
- Superclass Coccidia Leuckart 1879 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Eimeria)
- Superclass Ascetospora Sprague 1979 stat. nov. (e.g. Haplosporidium, Paramyxa)
- Superclass Hematozoa Vivier 1982 stat. nov. (e.g. Plasmodium, Babesia)
- Subphylum 3. Manubrispora subphyl. nov.
- Class Metchnikovellea Weiser 1977 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 to exclude Minisporea (e.g. Metchnikovella)
- Phylum 1. Dinozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.
- Superphylum 2. Heterokaryota Hickson 1903 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993.
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 em. auct.
- Subphylum 1. Tubulicorticata de Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g. Loxodes, Stylonychia, Colpoda)
- Subphylum 2. Epiplasmata de Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g. Tetrahymena, Paramecium, Vorticella)
- Subphylum 3. Filocorticata de Puytorac et al. 1992 (e.g. Spathidium)
- Phylum Ciliophora Doflein 1901 stat. nov. Copeland 1956 em. auct.
- Superphylum 1. Miozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987.
- Infrakingdom 4. Actinopoda Calkins 1902 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1997
- Phylum 1. Heliozoa Haeckel 1886 stat. nov. Margulis 1974 (e.g. Actinophrys, Acanthocystis)
- Phylum 2. Radiozoa Cavalier-Smith 1987.
- Subphylum 1. Spasmaria Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Sticholonche, acantharians, e.g. Acanthometra)
- Subphylum 2. Radiolaria Müller 1858 emend. stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Thallassicolla, Aulacantha)
- Infrakingdom 1. Sarcomastigota Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov. em. [probably paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom 1. Archezoa Cavalier-Smith 1983 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
- Kingdom 2. Animalia Linnaeus 1758 em. Cavalier-Smith 1995 (unnecessary synonym Metazoa Haeckel 1874)
- Kingdom 3. Fungi Linnaeus 1753 stat. nov. Nees 1817 em.
- Kingdom 4. Plantae Haeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
- Kingdom 5. Chromista Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.
Cavalier-Smith (1999)[modifica]
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of Protozoa. Biological Bulletin, 393-396, [69].
Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom 1. Archezoa
- Phylum 1. Metamonada
- Phylum 2. Parabasalia
- Subkingdom 2. Neozoa
- Infrakingdom 1. Discicristata
- Infrakingdom 2. Alveolata
- Infrakingdom 3. Sarcomastigota
- Infrakingdom 4. Actinopoda
Cavalier-Smith (1999)[modifica]
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 46(4), 347-366, [70].
Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Loukozoa
- Phylum Loukozoa (Anaeromonadea; Jakobea)
- Infrakingdom Archezoa
- Infrakingdom Loukozoa
- Subkingdom Neozoa
- Infrakingdom Discicristata
- Infrakingdom Sarcomastigota
- Infrakingdom Retaria
- Infrakingdom Alveolata
Lee et al. (2000)[modifica]
From Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. (appeared 2002, dated 2000). An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A: Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press; 2nd ed., vol. 1, vol. 2. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [71].
"protozoa" [p. iv]
- "related to multicellular groups"
- Choanoflagellata (e.g., collared flagellates) [see Choanoflagellida]
- Microsporida (e.g., Nosema, Abelspora)
- Myxozoa (e.g., Myxobolus)
- Volvocida (e.g., Volvox, Chlamydomonas)
- "alveolates"
- Apicomplexa (e.g., Toxoplasma)
- Colpodellidae (e.g., Colpodella)
- Ciliophora (e.g., Paramecium, Tetrahymena)
- Dinozoa (e.g., Gymnodinium, Peridinium) [see Dinoflagellata]
- "stramenopiles"
- Bicosoecida (e.g., Bicosoeca, Cafeteria)
- Chrysomonada (e.g., Ochromonas, Dinobryon) [see Chrysophyceae]
- Pelagophyceae (e.g., Pelagomonas, Aureococcus)
- Raphidomonadida (e.g., Heterosigma, Olisthodiscus)
- "residual heterotrophic stramenopiles" (e.g., Diplophrys, slabyrinthulids) [see Stramenopiles]
- Slopalinida (e.g., Opalina, Zelleriella)
- Synurophyceae (e.g., Synura, Mallomonas)
- Silicoflagellata (e.g., silicoflagellates, pedinellids)
- "ameboid protists"
- Acantharia (e.g., Acanthometra, Stauracantha)
- "amoebae of uncertain affinities" (e.g., Malamoeba, Endamoeba, Entamoeba) [see Incertae sedis Eukaryota]
- Arcellinida (e.g., Arcella, Difflugia)
- Heliozoa (sun animacules)
- Granuloreticulosea (e.g., Foraminifera) [see Granuloreticulosa]
- Mycetozoa (slime molds)
- Phaeodaria (e.g., Aulacantha, Challengeria) [see Phaeodarea]
- Polycystina (e.g., Thalassicolla, Collozoum)
- "ramicristate amoebae" (e.g., Amoeba, Mayorella, Vexillifera) [see "gymnamoebae"]
- Schizocladidae (e.g., Schizocladus)
- "testate amoebae with filipodia" (e.g., Euglypha, Amphitrema) [see Testaceafilosia]
- Trichosidae (e.g., Trichosphaerium)
- Xenophyophorea (e.g., xenophyophores)
- "ameboid & flagellated protists"
- Pelobiontida (e.g., Pelomyxa, Mastigella)
- Heterolobosea (e.g., Vahlkampfia, Tetramitus)
- "flagellated protists"
- Cryptomonadida (e.g., Cryptomonas, Rhodomonas)
- Diplomonadida (e.g., Giardia, Hexamita)
- Euglenozoa (e.g., Euglena, Trypanosoma)
- Hemimastigophora (e.g., Spironema, Hemimastix)
- oxymonads (e.g., Oxymonas, Pyrsonympha)
- Parabasalia (e.g., Trichomonas, Trichonympha)
- Pedinophyceae (e.g., Pedinomonas)
- Prasinophyceae (e.g., Tetraselmis, Mesostigma)
- Prymnesiida (e.g., Prymnesium, Coccolithus)
- "residual heterotrophic flagellates" (e.g., Reclinomonas, Jakoba) [see Incertae sedis Eukaryota]
- Retortamonadida (e.g., Retortamonas, Chilomastix)
- "other"
- Haplospora (e.g., Haplosporidium, Minchinia) [see Haplosporidia]
- Plasmodiophora (e.g., Tetramyxa, Plasmodiophora) [see Plasmodiophoromycota]
Cavalier-Smith (2002)[modifica]
From The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa, [72].
Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Gymnomyxa Lankester 1878 stat. nov. emend.
- Subkingdom Corticata Lankester 1878 stat. nov. emend.
- Infrakingdom 1. Excavata infraregnum nov.
- Superphylum Loukozoa
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Superphylum Discicristata stat. nov.
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Superphylum Archezoa stat. nov.
- Phylum Metamonada
- Phylum Parabasalia
- Superphylum Loukozoa
- Infrakingdom 2. Alveolata
- Phylum 12. Miozoa
- Phylum 13. Ciliophora
- Infrakingdom 1. Excavata infraregnum nov.
Cavalier-Smith (2003)[modifica]
From Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, [73], [74].
Kingdom Protozoa (11 phyla)
- [unikonts]
- [bikonts]
- [cabozoa]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Phylum 3. Cercozoa
- Phylum 4. Retaria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Phylum 5. Loukozoa
- Phylum 6. Metamonada
- Phylum 7. Euglenozoa
- Phylum 8. Percolozoa
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- [Kingdom Plantae (Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta)]
- [chromalveolate]
- [Kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta)]
- Infrakingdom Alveolata
- Phylum 9. Ciliophora
- Phylum 10. Miozoa (Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)
- Phylum 11. Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida)
- [cabozoa]
Cavalier-Smith (2004)[modifica]
From Only six kingdoms of life, [75].
Empire Eukaryota (Cavalier-Smith 1998)
- Kingdom Protozoa (Cavalier-Smith 2002a, 2003a)
- [unikonts]
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- [bikonts]
- Subkingdom Biciliata
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Phylum Cercozoa
- Phylum Foraminifera
- Phylum Radiozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Phylum Loukozoa
- Phylum Percolozoa
- Phylum Euglenozoa
- Phylum Metamonada (incl. Parabasalia and Anaeromonadea)
- Infrakingdom Alveolata
- Phylum Myzozoa
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Biciliata incertae sedis
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Subkingdom Biciliata
- [unikonts]
- Kingdom Animalia (Myxozoa and 21 othera phyla) (Cavalier-Smith 1998; Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2003c)
- Kingdom Fungi (phyla Archemycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) (Cavalier-Smith 2000b)
- Kingdom Plantae
- Subkingdom Biliphyta (phyla Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta)
- Subkingdom Viridaeplantae (Chlorophyta, Bryophyta, Tracheophyta)
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Cryptista (phylum Cryptista: cryptophytes, goniomonads, katablepharids)
- Subkingdom Chromobiota
- Infrakingdom Heterokonta (phyla Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi, Opalozoa (comprising subphyla Opalinata, Sagenista)
- Infrakingdom Haptista (phylum Haptophyta)
Cavalier-Smith (2010)[modifica]
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5, [76].
- Kingdom Protozoa [paraphyletic]
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae (Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Viridiplantae)
- Kingdom Chromista
Taylor & Sanders (2010)[modifica]
Taylor, W.D. & R.W. Sanders. 2010. Protozoa. pp. 43-96. In: Thorp, J.H. & Covich, A.P. (eds.) The Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. 3rd ed. Academic Press, [77].
"protozoa"
- "phytoflagellates"
- "zooflagellates"
- "amoeboid protozoa"
- "ciliated protozoa"
Ruggiero et al. (2015)[modifica]
- Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
. [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114
.] Reference page.
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
- Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Phylum Amoebozoa
- Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Sulcozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Hacrobia
- Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Superphylum Alveolata
- Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
- Subkingdom Biliphyta
- Subkingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Protozoa