Animalia

Various animals.

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregna (2): Eumetazoa – Parazoa

Overview of phyla (36)

Acanthocephala – Annelida – Arthropoda – Brachiopoda – Bryozoa – Cephalorhyncha – Chaetognatha – Chordata – Cnidaria – Ctenophora – Cycliophora – Echinodermata – Echiura – Gastrotricha – Gnathostomulida – Hemichordata – Kamptozoa – Kinorhyncha – Loricifera – Micrognathozoa – Mollusca – Myxozoa – Nematoda – Nematomorpha – Nemertea – Onychophora – Orthonectida – Phoronida – Placozoa – Platyhelminthes – Porifera – Rhombozoa – Rotifera – Sipuncula – Tardigrada – †Vendobionta – Xenacoelomorpha

Source(s) of checklist:
Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist is followed for pragmatic reasons, though the following alternative phyla deserve consideration: Dicyemida – Entoprocta – Monoblastozoa – Myzostomida – Priapulida – †Trilobozoa

Name

Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 emend.

Synonyms

• Metazoa Haeckel, 1874
• Zooaea Barkley, 1939
• Gastrobionta Rothmaler, 1948
• Euanimalia Barkley, 1949

Classifications

Main page: Animalia (classifications).

References

Biodiversity

• Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2011. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 1–237. Open access. Reference page. 
• Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) 2013: Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703(1): 1–82. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.1 Reference page. 

Animal biodiversity publishing

• Blagoderov, V. et al. 2010. Streamlining taxonomic publication: a working example with Scratchpads and ZooKeys. ZooKeys 50: 17–28. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.50.539
• Penev, L. et al. 2010. Editorial. Taxonomy shifts up a gear: New publishing tools to accelerate biodiversity research. ZooKeys 50: i–iv. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.50.543
• Penev, L. et al. 2010. Semantic tagging of and semantic enhancements to systematics papers: ZooKeys working examples. ZooKeys 50: 1–16. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.50.538
• Penev, L. et al. 2011. Interlinking journal and wiki publications through joint citation: Working examples from ZooKeys and Plazi on Species-ID. ZooKeys 90: 1–12. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.90.1369
• Smith, V. & Penev, L. (eds.) 2011. e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys 150 contents
• Valdecasas, A.G. 2011. An index to evaluate the quality of taxonomic publications. Zootaxa 2925: 57–62. Preview PDF
• Zhang, Z.-Q. 2011. Describing unexplored biodiversity: Zootaxa in the International Year of Biodiversity. Zootaxa 2768: 1–4. Preview PDF
• Zhang, Z.-Q. 2011. Accelerating biodiversity descriptions and transforming taxonomic publishing: the first decade of Zootaxa. Zootaxa 2896: 1–7. Preview PDF

Methodology in zoological taxonomy

• Assis, L.C.S., De Carvalho, M.R. & Wheeler, Q.D. 2011. Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process in evolution, but with a secondary role for morphology? Zootaxa 2984: 67–68. Preview (PDF)
• Brown, B.V. 2013. Automating the "Material examined" section of taxonomic papers to speed up species descriptions. Zootaxa 3683(3): 297–299. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.3.8 Reference page. 
• Chakrabarty, P. 2010. Genetypes: a concept to help integrate molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy. Zootaxa 2632: 67–68. Preview PDF
• Coleman, C.O., Lowry, J.K. & Macfarlane, T. 2010. DELTA for beginners. An introduction into the taxonomy software package DELTA. ZooKeys, 45: 1–75. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.45.263
• Cruickshank, R.H. & Munck, L. 2011. It’s barcoding Jim, but not as we know it. Zootaxa 2933: 55–56. Preview PDF
• Ebach, M.C. 2011. Taxonomy and the DNA Barcoding Enterprise. Zootaxa 2742: 67–68. Preview PDF
• Faith, D.P. et al. 2012. Corroboration assessments and recent progress towards integrative systematics: a reply to Farris and Carpenter. Zootaxa 3235: 65–68. Preview (PDF)
• Farris, J.S. & Carpenter, J.M. 2012. Faith et al. 2011. "corroboration assessment" leads to verificationism. Zootaxa 3235: 62–64. Preview (PDF)
• Maddison, D.R., Schulz, K.-S. & Maddison, W.P. 2007. The Tree of Life Web Project. Pp. 19–40 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF) PDF
• Minelli, A. 2007. Invertebrate taxonomy and evolutionary developmental biology. Pp. 55–60 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF) PDF
• Mitchell, A. 2011. DNA barcoding is useful for taxonomy: a reply to Ebach. Zootaxa 2772: 67–68. Preview PDF
• Rodman, J.E. 2007. Reflections on PEET, the Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy. Pp. 41–46 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF) PDF
• Rodríguez-Fernández, J.I. et al. 2011. Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy. Zootaxa 2933: 46–54. Preview
• Rogers, D.C. 2012. Taxonomic certification versus the scientific method. Zootaxa 3257: 66–68. Preview (PDF)
• Santos, L.M. & Faria, L.R.R. 2011. The taxonomy’s new clothes: a little more about the DNA-based taxonomy. Zootaxa 3025: 66–68. Preview PDF
• Stevens, M.I., Porco, D., D’Haese, C.A. & Deharveng, L. 2011. Comment on "Taxonomy and the DNA Barcoding Enterprise" by Ebach (2011). Zootaxa 2838: 85–88. Preview PDF
• Stribling, J. et al. 2012: “Taxonomic certification versus the scientific method”: a rebuttal of Rogers (2012). Zootaxa 3359: 65–68. Preview PDF [erratum in Zootaxa 3383: 14–14. Preview PDF (2012)] Reference page.
• Wheeler, Q.D. 2007. Invertebrate systematics or spineless taxonomy? Pp. 10–18 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF) PDF
• Wilkins, J.S. 2011. Philosophically speaking, how many species concepts are there? Zootaxa 2765: 58–60. Preview (PDF)
• Winston, J.E. 2007. Archives of a small planet: The significance of museum collections and museum-based research in invertebrate taxonomy. Pp. 47–54 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF) PDF

Phylogeny

• Baurain, D., Brinkmann, H. & Philippe, H. 2007. Lack of Resolution in the Animal Phylogeny: Closely Spaced Cladogeneses or Undetected Systematic Errors? Molecular biology and evolution 24: 6–9. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msl137
• Bourlat, S.J., Nielsen, C., Economou, A.D. & Telford, M.J. 2008. Testing the new animal phylogeny: a phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 49: 23–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008 PDF
• DeSalle, R. & Schierwater, B. 2008. An even "newer" animal phylogeny. BioEssays 30: 1043–1047. DOI: 10.1002/bies.20842 PDF
• Dunn, C.W. et al. 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 452: 745–749. DOI: 10.1038/nature06614
• Edgecombe, G.D. et al. 2011. Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions. Organisms diversity & evolution 11(2): 151–172. DOI: 10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
• Giribet, G. et al. 2007. A modern look at the Animal Tree of Life. Pp. 61–79 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF) PDF
• Glenner, H., Hansen, A.J., Sørensen, M.V., Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Willerslev, E. 2004. Bayesian inference of the metazoan phylogeny: a combined molecular and morphological approach. Current biology 14: 1644–1649. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.027
• Halanych, K.M. 2004. The new view of animal phylogeny. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics 35: 229–256. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124 PDF PDF
• Jenner, R.A. 2004. Towards a phylogeny of the Metazoa: evaluating alternative phylogenetic positions of Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida, with a critical reappraisal of cladistic characters. Contributions to zoology 73(1–2): 3–163.
• Leys, S.P. & Eerkes-Medrano, D. 2005. Gastrulation in calcareous sponges: in search of Haeckel’s Gastraea. Integrative & comparative biology 45: 342–351. DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.2.342 PDF
• Medina, M., Collins, A.G., Silberman, J.D. & Sogin, M.L. 2001. Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA. PNAS 98: 9707–9712. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.171316998 JSTOR PubMed
• Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal evolution: interrelationships of the living phyla (2nd edition). Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0198506821 ISBN 9780198506829
• Schierwater, B.& DeSalle, R. 2007. Can we ever identify the Urmetazoan? Integrative and comparative biology 47: 670–676. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icm040
• Schierwater, B. et al. 2009: Concatenated Analysis Sheds Light on Early Metazoan Evolution and Fuels a Modern “Urmetazoon” Hypothesis. PLoS Biol 7(1): e1000020. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000020
• Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2003. Old trees, new trees: is there any progress? Zoology 106: 291–301. DOI: 10.1078/0944-2006-00128
• Sorensen, M.V., Funch, P., Willerslev, E., Hansen, A.J. & Olesen J. 2000. On the phylogeny of the metazoa in the light of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa. Zoologischer anzeiger 239: 297–318.
• Syed, T., Gudo, M. & Gutmann, M. 2007. The new animal phylogeny – dilemma or progress? Denisia (20): 295–312.
• Telford, M.J. 2006. Animal phylogeny. Current biology 16: R981-R985. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.048
• Zrzavý, J. 2002. Gastrotricha and metazoan phylogeny. Zoologica scripta 32: 61–81. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00104.x

Zoological nomenclature/terminology

• Anon. 2010. Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology Updated March 2010
• Bour, R. 2010. Constant Duméril’s Zoologie Analytique was published in 1805. Bionomina 1: 56–57. Preview (PDF) PDF
• Carlos, C.J. & Voisin, J.-f. 2009. A few remarks on the proposed amendment of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Zootaxa 2198: 67–68. Abstract & excerpt (PDF)
• Dubois, A. 2007. Nomina zoologica linnaeana. Pp. 81–106 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds.) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Abstract & excerpt (PDF)
• Dubois, A. 2008. Authors of zoological publications and nomina are signatures, not persons. Zootaxa 1771: 63–68. Abstract & excerpt (PDF)
• Dubois, A. 2009. Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: the nomenclatural status of class-series zoological nomina published in a non-Latinized form. Zootaxa 2106: 1–12. Abstract & excerpt (PDF)
• Dubois, A. 2010. Retroactive changes should be introduced in the Code only with great care: problems related to the spellings of nomina. Zootaxa 2426: 1–42. Preview (PDF) PDF
• Dubois, A. 2010. Bionomina, a forum for the discussion of nomenclatural and terminological issues in biology. Bionomina 1: 1–10. Preview (PDF) PDF
• Dubois, A. 2011. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature must be drastically improved before it is too late. Bionomina 2: 1–104. Preview PDF
• Dubois, A. 2012. The distinction between introduction of a new nomen and subsequent use of a previously introduced nomen in zoological nomenclature. Bionomina 5: 57–80. Preview (PDF)
• Dubois, A., Minelli, A. & Zhang, Z.-Q. 2011. Recommendations about nomenclature for papers submitted to Zootaxa. Zootaxa 2943: 58–62. Preview PDF
• Dubois, A. et al. 2013. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems related to the electronic publication of new nomina and nomenclatural acts in zoology, with brief comments on optical discs and on the situation in botany. Zootaxa 3735(1): 1–94. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3735.1.1 Reference page. 
• Flann, C. 2011. BioCode: third time lucky? Zootaxa 2874: 38–40. Preview (PDF)
• Hedges, S.B. 2011. On the use of high-level taxonomic names. Zootaxa 2867: 67–68. Preview PDF
• Hoquet, T. 2010. Why terms matter to biological theories: the term “origin” as used by Darwin. Bionomina 1: 58–60. ISSN: 1179-7649 (print edition) ISSN: 1179-7657 (online edition) Preview (PDF) PDF
• ICZN 1987: Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology. London: ICZN. ISBN: 0853010048
• ICZN 2012. Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Zootaxa 3450: 1–7. Preview (PDF). Full paper (PDF). Reference page. 
• ICZN 2012. Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. ZooKeys 219: 1–10. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.219.3944 Reference page. 
• Kuhn, J.H. & Wahl-Jensen, V. 2010. Being obsessive-compulsive about terminology and nomenclature is not a vice, but a virtue. Bionomina 1: 11–14. ISSN: 1179-7649 (print edition) ISSN: 1179-7657 (online edition) Preview (PDF) PDF
• Minelli, A. 2013. Zoological nomenclature in the digital era. Frontiers in zoology 10: 4. DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-4
• Nemésio, A. 2011. Nomenclatural itch versus patrolling itch: comments on O’Hara (2011). Zootaxa 2986: 63–68. Preview (PDF)
• O’Hara, J.E. 2011. Cyber nomenclaturalists and the “CESA itch”. Zootaxa 2933: 57–64. Preview PDF
• Sepkoski, J.J. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American paleontology 363: 1–560. [not seen]
• Steyskal, G.C. 1970. On gender concord in binomina. Coleopterists bulletin 24: 57–58. JSTOR
• Zhang, Z.-Q. 2012. A new era in zoological nomenclature and taxonomy: ICZN accepts e-publication and launches ZooBank. Zootaxa 3450: 8–8. Preview (PDF). Reference page. 

Additional references

• Bigatti, G. & Signorelli, J. 2018. Marine invertebrate biodiversity from the Argentine Sea, South Western Atlantic. ZooKeys 791: 47–70. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.791.22587 Reference page. 
• Owen, I.L. 2011. Parasites of animals in Papua New Guinea recorded at the National Veterinary Laboratory: a catalogue, historical review and zoogeographical affiliations. Zootaxa 3143: 1–163. Preview (PDF)
• Schilthuizen, M. 2013. Something gone awry: unsolved mysteries in the evolution of asymmetric animal genitalia. Animal biology 63: 1–20. DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002398 Reference page. 
• Sosa-Medina, T., Vidal-Martínez, V.M. & Aguirre-Macedo, M.L. 2015. Metazoan parasites of fishes from the Celestun coastal lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico. Zootaxa 4007(4): 529–544. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.4.4. Preview (PDF). Reference page. 
• Tasso, V., Haddad, M. el, Assadi, C., Canales, R., Aguirre, L. & Vélez-Zuazo, X. 2018. Macrobenthic fauna from an upwelling coastal area of Peru (Warm Temperate South-eastern Pacific province -Humboldtian ecoregion). Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e28937. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.6.e28937 Reference page. 

• BHL bibliography
• ZooBank: 0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231

Links

• Animalia – Taxon details on Animal Diversity Web (ADW).
• Animalia – Taxon details on Catalogue of Life (CoL).
• Animalia – Taxon details on Encyclopedia of Life (EOL).
• Animalia – Taxon details on EPPO code.
• Animalia – Taxon details on Fauna Europaea.
• Animalia - Taxon details on Fossiilid.info.

• Animalia – Taxon details on Fossilworks.
• Animalia – Taxon details on Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).
• Animalia - Taxon details on iNaturalist.

• Animalia - Taxon details on Index to Organism Names (ION).

• Animalia – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
• Animalia – Taxon details on The Linnean Collections.
• Animalia – Taxon details on New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR).
• Animalia – Taxon details on Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer (uBio).
• Animalia – Taxon details on World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS).

Vernacular names

Afrikaans: Diere
Akan: Mbowa
Alemannisch: Tierer
aragonés: Animals
العربية: حيوانات
asturianu: Animal
অসমীয়া: প্রাণী
Boarisch: Viecher
беларуская: Жывёлы
български: Животни
भोजपुरी: जानवर
bamanankan: Bagan
বাংলা: প্রাণী
brezhoneg: Loen
bosanski: Životinje
català: Animal
Tsetsêhestâhese: Hova
corsu: Animali
Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ: ᐱᓯᐢᑭᐤ
čeština: Živočichové
Cymraeg: Anifeiliaid
dansk: Dyr
Deutsch: Tiere
Zazaki: Heywani
Ελληνικά: Ζώα
English: Animals
Esperanto: Besto
español: Animales
eesti: Loomad
euskara: Animaliak
فارسی: جانوران
suomi: Eläinkunta
føroyskt: Djór
arpetan: Animâl
Nordfriisk: Diarten
français: Animaux
Frysk: Dier
Gaeilge: Ainmhí
Gàidhlig: Beathach
galego: Animais
עברית: בעלי חיים
हिन्दी: जन्तु; जानवर; जीव; पशु; प्राणी
hrvatski: Životinje
magyar: Állatok
հայերեն: Կենդանիներ
interlingua: Animales
Bahasa Indonesia: Hewan
Ido: Animalo
íslenska: Dýr
italiano: Animali
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut: ᐆᒻᒪᔪᖅ
日本語: 動物界
ქართული: ცხოველები
ភាសាខ្មែរ: សត្វ
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಪ್ರಾಣಿ
한국어: 동물계(動物界)
kurdî: Candar
kernowek: Enyval
Lëtzebuergesch: Déiereräich
Limburgs: Diere
lietuvių: Gyvūnai
latviešu: Dzīvnieki
Malagasy: Biby
македонски: Животни
मराठी: प्राणी
Bahasa Melayu: Haiwan
مازِرونی: جانورون
Nāhuatl: Yōlcatl
Plattdüütsch: Beester
Nederlands: Dieren
norsk nynorsk: Dyr
norsk: Dyr
Nouormand: Animâ
occitan: Animals
Kapampangan: Animal
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਜਾਨਵਰ
polski: zwierzęta
português: Animais
Runa Simi: Uywa
română: Animale
русский: Животные
sicilianu: Armali
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Životinje
Simple English: Animal
slovenčina: Živočíchy
slovenščina: Živali
српски / srpski: Животиња
Sunda: Sato
svenska: Djur
தமிழ்: விலங்கு
ไทย: สัตว์
Tagalog: Hayop
Türkçe: Hayvanlar
українська: Тварини
اردو: جانور
Tiếng Việt: Động vật
West-Vlams: Bêeste
ייִדיש: בעלי־חיים
中文（简体）‎: 动物界
中文（繁體）‎: 動物界

For more multimedia, look at Animalia on Wikimedia Commons.

Wikibooks has a Dichotomous Key related to this taxon Animalia.