Amoebozoa

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Subphyla: Conosa - Lobosa - Protamoebae

Name

Amoebozoa L.S.Dillon, Syst. Zool. 12: 78. 1963 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1998

Synonyms

Arcellozoa L.S.Dillon, Syst. Zool. 12: 78. 1963.

Similar group:

• Gymnamoebia Page, 1976 p.p. + Arcellinida Kent, 1880 p.p. + Mycetozoa de Bary, 1859 p.p.

References

Primary references

• Dillon, L.S. 1963. A reclassification of the major groups of organisms based upon comparative cytology. Systematic Zoology 12(2): 71–82. JSTOR Reference page. 

Additional references

• Cavalier-Smith, T., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Chao, E., Kudryavtsev, A., Berney, C., Snell, E.A. & Lewis, R. 2015 (Print), 2014 (Online). Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83: 293–304. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.011 . Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2009: Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 56: 26–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x Abstract
• Minge, M.A.; Silberman, J.D.; Orr, R.J.S.; Cavalier-Smith, T.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, K.; Burki, F.; Skjæveland, A.; Jakobsen, K.S. 2009: Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B), 276: 597–604. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1358
• Nikolaev, S.I.; Berney, C.; Petrov, N.B.; Mylnikov, A.P.; Fahrni, J.F.; Pawlowski, J. 2006: Phylogenetic position of Multicilia marina and the evolution of Amoebozoa. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 56: 1449–1458. DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63763-0 PDF
• Parfrey LW, Barbero E, Lasser E, Dunthorn M, Bhattacharya D, et al. (2006) Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity. PLoS Genet 2(12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220
• Pawlowski, J.; Burki, F. 2009: Untangling the phylogeny of amoeboid protists. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 56: 16–25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00379.x Abstract PDF

Links

• Wegener Parfrey, Laura 2009. Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesis First Created: 2009–07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009–07-04T15:14:20Z.
• Tree of Amoebozoa

Vernacular names

English: amoebozoans
français: Amibozoaires, Amibes
日本語: アメーボゾア
lietuvių: Ameboidiniai
português: Amebozoários
Türkçe: Kökbacaklılar

For more multimedia, look at Amoebozoa on Wikimedia Commons.

Alternative classifications

Lühe (1913)

Luhe M 1913: Erstes Urreich der Tiere. In: Lang A, editor. Handbuch der morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere. Jena: G. Fischer. 416 p.

Protozoa

• Sarcodina
  • Amoebozoa
    • Amoebina (Gymnamoebaea)
    • Testacea (Thecamoebaea)
      • Lobosa
      • Filosa

Corliss (1984)

From The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla [1].

Kingdom Protista Haeckel, 1866

• Assemblage 1. The "rhizopods"
  • (2) Phylum Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913

Cavalier-Smith (1995)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1995). Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. Tsitologiia, 37, 1010–1029, [2].

Eukaryota

• Kingdom Protozoa (incl. Amoebozoa)

Cavalier-Smith (1996/97)

From Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa, [3], [4].

Kingdom Protozoa

• Subkingdom Neozoa Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov.
  • Infrakingdom 1. Sarcodina Hertwig & Lesser 1874 infrak. nov.
    • Superphylum 3. Neosarcodina Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 1996
      • Phylum 1. Rhizopoda Dujardin 1835 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
      • Phylum 2. Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 stat. nov. Corliss 1984 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1996
        • Subphylum 1. Lobosa Carpenter 1861 stat. nov.
          • Class 2. Amoebaea Ehrenberg 1830 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
            • Order 1. Euamoebida Lepşi 1960 (e.g. Amoeba)
            • Order 2. Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons 1976 emend. Page 1987 (e.g. Leptomyxa)
            • Order 3. Copromyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Copromyxa)
            • Order 4. Acanthopodida Page 1976 (e.g. Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella)
            • Order 5. Loboreticulatida Page 1987 (Corallomyxa)
          • Class 2. Testacealobosea De Saedeleer 1934 stat. nov.
            • Order 1. Arcellinida Kent 1880 (e.g. Arcella, Difflugia)
            • Order 2. Trichosida Möbius 1889 (Trichosphaerium)
            • Order 3. Himatismenida Page 1987 (e.g. Cochliopodium)
        • Subphylum 2. Holomastiga subphy. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
          • Class Holomastiga cl. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996
            • Order Holomastigida Lauterborn 1895 (as suborder Holomastigina) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1996 (Multicilia)
        • Subphylum 3. Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. nov.
          • Class 1. Pelobiontea Page 1976 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. 1991
            • Order 1. Mastigamoebida Frenzel 1892 (syn. Rhizoflagellata Kent 1880) (e.g. Mastigina, Mastigamoeba, Mastigella, Pelomyxa)
            • Order 2. Phreatamoebida Cavalier-Smith 1991 (Phreatamoeba)
          • Class 2. Entamoebea Cavalier-Smith 1991
            • Order Entamoebida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Entamoeba)

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998: A revised six-kingdom system of life, Biological Reviews 73 (3): 203–66.

Eukaryota

• Protozoa
  • Neozoa
    • Sarcomastigota
      • Amoebozoa
        • Lobosa
        • Conosa
          • Archamoebae
          • Mycetozoa
            • Eumyxa
            • Dictyostelia

Cavalier-Smith (2002)

Cavalier-Smith T., 2002. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002 Mar;52(Pt 2):297-354, DOI: 10.1099/00207713-52-2-297.

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Phylum: Amoebozoa

Hausmann et al. (2003)

Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

• Phylum Amoebozoa Luhe, 1913
  • Subphylum Lobosa Carpenter, 1861
    • Class Gymnamoebea Haeckel, 1862
    • Class Acarpomyxea Page, 1976
    • Class Testacealobosea Seadeleer, 1934
  • Subphylum Conosa Cavalier-Smith, 1998
    • Infraphylum Archamoeba Cavalier-Smith, 1983
    • Infraphylum Mycetozoa de Вагу, 1859
      • Superclass Eumyxa Cavalier-Smith, 1998
        • Class Protostelea Olive, 1970
        • Class Myxogastrea Olive, 1970
      • Superclass Dictyostela Olive, 1970
      • Superclass Aconchulina de Saedeleer, 1934

Cavalier-Smith et al. (2004)

• Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E.-Y. & Oates, B. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium. European Journal of Protistology 40(1): 21–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2003.10.001 Reference page. 

Amoebozoa

• Protamoebae
  • Breviatea
  • Lobosea
  • Discosea
  • Variosea
• Conosa
  • Archamoebae
  • Mycetozoa

Smirnov et al. (2005)

Smirnov A, Nassonova E, Berney C, Fahrni J, Bolivar I, et al. 2005: Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae. Protist 156: 129–142.

Amoebozoa

• Tubulinea
  • Tubulinida
  • Leptomyxida
  • Arcellinida
  • Incertae sedis
• Flabellinea
  • Dactylopodia
  • Vannellida
• Conosa
  • Archamoebae
  • Mycetozoa
• Incertae sedis

Adl et al. (2005)

Adl, S.M. et al. 2005: The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 52(5): 399–451. PDF

Eukaryota

• Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913, emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1998
  • Tubulinea Smirnov et al., 2005
  • Flabellinea Smirnov et al., 2005
  • Stereomyxida Grell, 1966
  • Acanthamoebidae Sawyer and Griffin, 1975
  • Entamoebida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  • Mastigamoebidae Goldschmidt, 1907
  • Pelomyxa Greef, 1874 (Pelobiontida Page, 1976)
  • Eumycetozoa Zopf, 1884, emend. Olive, 1975 (Mycetozoa de Bary, 1873)
  • Spongomonadida Hibberd, 1983, emend. Karpov, 1990
  • Incertae sedis

Smirnov et al. (2011)

Smirnov, A., Chao, E., Nassonova, E. & Cavalier-Smith, T. 2011. A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: Lobosa). Protist, 162:545–570.

Amoebozoa

• Lobosa
  • Tubulinea
  • Discosea
  • Incertae sedis
• Conosa
  • Archamoebea
  • Mycetozoa
  • Variosea

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998 (= Eumycetozoa Zopf 1884, emend Olive 1975)
  • Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005 (R)
    • Euamoebida Lepşi 1960, emend. Smirnov et al. 2011 (R)
      • Amoeba, Cashia, Chaos, Copromyxa, Copromyxella, Deuteramoeba, Glaeseria, Hartmannella, Hydramoeba, Parachaos, Polychaos, Saccamoeba, Trichamoeba
    • Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons 1976, emend. Page 1987 (R)
      • Flabellula, Gephyramoeba, Leptomyxa, Paraflabellula, Rhizamoeba
    • Arcellinida Kent 1880 (= Testacealobosia De Saedeleer 1934) (R)
      • Arcellina Haeckel 1894
        • Amphizonella, Arcella, Microchlamys, Microcorycia, Spumochlamys
      • Difflugina Meisterfeld 2002
        • Bullinularia, Centropyxis, Difflugia, Distomatopyxis, Heleoptera [Heleopera], Hyalosphenia, Lesquereusia, Nebela, Paraquadrula, Pontigulasia, Plagiopyxis, Quadrulella, Trigonopyxis
      • Phryganellina Bovee 1985
        • Cryptodifflugia, Phryganella, Wailesella
      • Incertae sedis Arcellinida: Geamphorella, Oopyxis, Pseudawerintzewia, Pseudonebela
    • Nolandella Page 1980 (R) [see erratum]
    • Echinamoebida Cavalier-Smith 2004 (R) [see erratum]
      • Echinamoeba, Vermamoeba
  • Discosea Cavalier-Smith et al. 2004 (R)
    • Flabellinia Smirnov et al. 2005 (R)
      • Pellitida Smirnov et al. 2011 (R)
        • Endostelium, Gocevia, Paragocevia, Pellita
      • Trichosphaerium Schaudinn 1899
      • Dactylopodida Smirnov et al. 2005 (R)
        • Korotnevella, Neoparamoeba, Paramoeba, Pseudoparamoeba, Squamamoeba, Vexillifera
          • Incertae sedis Dactylopodida: Boveella, Dactylosphaerium, Oscillodignum [Oscillosignum], Podostoma, Strioluatus [Striolatus] , Subulamoeba, Trienamoeba [Triaenamoeba]
      • Vannellida Smirnov et al. 2005 (R)
        • Clydonella, Lingulamoeba, Pessonella, Platyamoeba, Protosteliopsis fimicola, Ripella, Vannella
          • Incertae sedis Vanellida: Discamoeba, Unda
    • Himatismenida Page 1987
      • Cochliopodium, incertae sedis Ovalopodium, Paragocevia, Parvamoeba [see erratum]
    • Stygamoebida Smirnov et al. 2011
      • Stygamoeba, Vermistella
    • Longamoebia Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov in Smirnov et al. 2011 (R)
      • Dermamoebida Cavalier-Smith 2004 (R)
        • Dermamoeba, Mayorella, Paradermamoeba
      • Thecamoebida Schaeffer 1926 (R)
        • Sappinia, Stenamoeba, Thecamoeba
      • Centramoebida Rogerson & Patterson 2002, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2004 (R)
        • Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Protacanthamoeba
        • Incertae sedis Centramoebida: protosteloid LHI05, “Protostelium” arachisporum, “Protostelium” pyriformis
  • Archamoebae Cavalier-Smith 1983
    • Entamoebidae Chatton 1925, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993
      • Entamoeba
    • Mastigamoebaea Frenzel 1892 (= Mastigamoebidae Goldschmidt 1907; Rhizoflagellida Saville Kent 1880)
      • Mastigella, Mastigamoeba
      • Incertae sedis Mastigamoebaea: Endolimax, Mastigina
    • Pelomyxa Greef 1874 (Pelobiontida Page 1976)
  • Gracilipodida Lahr et al. 2011
    • Arachnula, Filamoeba, Flamella
  • Multicilia Cienkowsky 1881
  • Protosteliida Olive & Stoianovitch 1966, emend. Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012
    • Planoprotostelium, Protostelium
  • Cavosteliida Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012
    • Cavostelium, Schizoplasmodiopsis (P), Tychosporium
  • Protosporangiida Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012
    • Protosporangiidae Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012
      • Clastostelium, Protosporangium
    • Ceratiomyxa Schröter 1889
  • Fractovitelliida Lahr et al. 2011
    • Grellamoeba, Soliformovum
  • Schizoplasmodiida L. Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012
    • Ceratiomyxella, Nematostelium, Schizoplasmodium
    • Incertae sedis Schizoplasmodiida: Phalansterium Stein 1878
  • Myxogastria Macbride 1899 (not Myxomycetes Link 1833, emend. Haeckel 1866)
    • "light spored (LS)"
      • Arcyria, Calomyxa, Cribraria, Hemitrichia, Licea, Lycogala, Metatrichia, Oligonema, Perichaena, Trichia, Tubifera
    • "dark spored (DS)"
      • Badhamia, Barbyella, Brefeldia, Comatricha, Diachea, Diderma, Dydimium, Echinostelium, Fuligo, Lamproderma, Leocarpus, Lepidoderma, Macbrideola, Physarella, Physarum, Stemonitis, Willkommlangea
  • Dictyostelia Lister 1909, emend. Olive 1970
    • Acytostelium (P), Dictyostelium (P), Polysphondylium (P)
    • Incertae sedis Dictyostelia: Coenonia
  • Incertae sedis Amoebozoa: Gibbodiscus, Hartmannia, Janickia [see Janickina Chatton, 1953; not Janickia Rašín, 1929] Malamoeba, Malpigamoeba [Malpighamoeba], Echinosteliopsis oligospora Reinhardt & Olive 1966, Microglomus paxillus Olive & Stoianovitch 1977, Pseudothecamoeba, Stereomyxa, Thecochaos.

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [5].

• Superkingdom Prokaryota
  • Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
  • Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Protozoa
    • Subkingdom Eozoa
      • Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
      • Infrakingdom Excavata
    • Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
      • Phylum Amoebozoa
        • Subphylum Conosa
          • Class Archamoebea
            • Order Mastigamoebida
            • Order Pelobiontida
            • Order Rhizomastigida
          • Class Dictyostelea
            • Order Dictyostelida
          • Class Myxogastrea [= Myxomycetes]
            • Subclass Exosporeae
              • Order Ceratiomyxida
            • Subclass Myxogastria
              • Superorder Columelida
                • Order Echinosteliida
                • Order Fuscisporida
              • Superorder Lucisporida
                • Order Liceida
                • Order Trichiida
          • Class Protostelea
            • Order Protostelida
          • Class Variosea
            • Order Artodiscida
            • Order Holomastigida
            • Order Phalansteriida
            • Order Varipodida
        • Subphylum Lobosa
          • Class Discosea
            • Subclass Flabellinia
              • Order Dactylopodida
              • Order Himatismenida
              • Order Pellitida
              • Order Stygamoebida
              • Order Trichosida
              • Order Vanellida
            • Subclass Longamoebia
              • Order Dermamoebida
              • Order Centramoebida
              • Order Thecamoebida
          • Class Tubulinea [= Lobosea]
            • Order Arcellinida
            • Order Echinamoebida
            • Order Euamoebida
            • Order Leptomyxida
            • Order Nolandida
      • Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Sulcozoa
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
  • Kingdom Animalia

Cavalier-Smith et al. (2015)

Cavalier-Smith, T., Fiore-Donno, A. M., Chao, E., Kudryavtsev, A., Berney, C., Snell, E. A., & Lewis, R. (2015). Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83, 293-304, [6].

Amoebozoa

• Lobosa
  • Tubulinea
  • Discosea
• Conosa
  • Semiconosia
  • Archamoebea

Cavalier-Smith et al. (2016)

Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E., & Lewis, R. (2016). 187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99, 275-296.

Amoebozoa

• Lobosa
  • Cutosa
    • Cutosea
  • Glycopoda
    • Tubulinea
    • Discosea
• Conosa
  • Semiconosia
    • Variosia
      • Variosea
    • Mycetozoa
  • Archamoebae
    • Archamoebea