Eukaryota

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Eukaryota
Eukaryota

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regna (Whittaker & Margulis, 1978): Animalia – Plantae – Fungi – Protista
Regna (Cavalier-Smith, 1981): Animalia – Plantae – Fungi – Chromista – Protozoa
Supergroups (Cavalier-Smith, 2009): Bikonta – Unikonta
Groups (Adl et al., 2012): Amoebozoa – Opisthokonta – Excavata – Sar (Stramenopiles – Alveolata – Rhizaria) – Archaeplastida – Incertae sedis
Regna (Ruggiero et al., 2015): Protozoa – Chromista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia

Name

Eucaryotes Chatton, 1925, 1937/1938, Chadefaud, 1960

Synonyms

  • Karyonta Novák, 1930
  • Eukaryonta Fott, 1959 (according to Round, 1973), Möhn, 1984
  • Eucaryota Christensen, 1962, Allsopp, 1969
  • Eucaryotae Murray, 1968
  • Caryonta Novák, 1969
  • Eukaryota Fott, 1971, Stent, 1971, Margulis, 1974, Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
  • Eucytota Jeffrey, 1971
  • Eukaryotae Parker et al., 1982 [?]
  • Eucarya Woese et. al., 1990
  • Eukarya Margulis, 1996 (not Dougherty, 1957, see Sapp, 2005)


Alternative classifications

Chatton (1925)

Chatton, É. (1925). Pansporella perplexa, amoebien à spores protégées parasite de daphnies. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Série 10 VIII: 5–84, [1]. See Kussakin & Drozdov (1994), [2], Katscher (2004), [3].


[p. 76ː]


[p. 77ː]

Chadefaud & Emberger (1960)

Chadefaud, M. & Emberger, L. (éds.). Traité de botanique systématique. Masson et Cie., Paris. Tome I. Les végétaux non vasculaires (Cryptogamie), par M. Chadefaud, 1960, 1 vol. de 1016 pages, [4]. Tome II. Les végétaux vasculaires, par L. Emberger, 1960, deux fascicules, 1540 pages, [5], [6].

Monde vivant

Jeffrey (1971)

Jeffrey, C. 1971. Thallophytes and kingdoms - a critique. Kew. Bull., 25, 291-299. See Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands, [7].

  • Superkingdom Acytota
  • Superkingdom Procytota
  • Superkingdom Eucytota
    • Kingdom Rhodobiota
    • Kingdom Chromobiota
    • Kingdom Zoobiota
    • Kingdom Mycobiota
    • Kingdom Chlorobiota

Margulis (1971)

Margulis, L. 1971. Whittaker's five kingdoms of organisms: minor revisions suggested by considerations of the origin of mitosis. Evolution 25:242-245.

Leedale (1974)

Leedale, G. F. (1974). How many are the kingdoms of organisms? Taxon, 23 (1974), pp. 261–270, [8]. See Whittaker in Kreir (1977), [9]

[“Pteropod” scheme, p. 267:]

[“Fan” scheme, p. 269:]

Margulis (1974a)

Margulis, L. (1974a). Five-kingdom classification and the origin and evolution of cells. Evol. Biol. 7, 45-78, [10].

Margulis (1974b)

Margulis, L. (1974b). The classification and evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In: Handbook of Genetics, Vol. 1, R. C. King, (ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 1-41, [11].

Edwards (1976)

Edwards, P. (1976). A classification of plants into higher taxa based on cytological and biochemical criteria. Taxon 25: 529–542.

Whittaker & Margulis (1978)

Whittaker, R. H. & Margulis, L. (1978). Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems 10, 3–18.

Cavalier-Smith (1978)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1978). The evolutionary origin and phylogeny of microtubules, mitotic spindles and eukaryote flagella. BioSystems, 10(1), 93-114.

Stewart & Mattox (1980)

Stewart, K.D. & Mattox, K. (1980). Phylogeny of phytoflagellates. In: Phytoflagellates (ed. E.Cox), New York: Elsevier/North Holland, pp. 433–462, [12], [13].

Eukaryotes [p. 456]

Cavalier-Smith (1981)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Biosystems, 14(3), 461-481, [14].

Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]

Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]

  • Superkingdom Eukaryota
    • Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
    • Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
    • Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
    • Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
    • Kingdom 5. Animalia

Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]

  • Superkingdom Eukaryota
    • Kingdom Fungi
    • Kingdom Viridiplantae
      • Phylum Chlorophyta
      • Phylum Bryophyta
      • Phylum Tracheophyta
    • Kingdom Biliphyta
      • Phylum Biliphyta
        • Class Rhodophyceae
        • Class Glaocophyceae
    • Kingdom Chromista
    • Kingdom Animalia
    • Kingdom Euglenozoa
    • Kingdom Protozoa

Parker et al. (1982)

Parker, S. P. (ed.). 1982. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York, [15], [16]. See Brands (1989-2005), [17]

[Note: this classification is redundant for some ambiregnal protists. See Taylor et al. (1986), [18].]

Cavalier-Smith (1983)

Cavelier-Smith, T. 1983. A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Pp. 1027–1034 in Endocytobiology II (H.E.A. Schenk and W. Schwemmler, eds.). De Gruyter, Berlin, [19], [20].

Möhn (1984)

From System und Phylogenie der Lebewesen, [21], [22].

Superkingdom Eukaryonta

Lipscomb (1985)

Lipscomb, Diana. 1985. The eukaryotic kingdoms. Cladistics 1: 127–40.

Eukaryotes

[Note: some eukaryote groups are not included in Lipscomb analysis.]

Corliss (1986)

From The kingdoms of organisms: from a microscopist’s point of view.

Superkingdom Eukaryota

Starobogatoff (1986)

Старобогатов Я.И. К вопросу о числе царств эукариотных организмов. // Труды Зоологического института АН СССР. 1986. T. 144. С. 4-25.

Starobogatoff, Y.I. 1986. On the number of kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 144: 4–25 (in Russian). From Pelentier, B. (2007-2015), [23].

Eukaryota

Lipscomb (1989)

Lipscomb, D. (1989). Relationships among the eukaryotes. In: The Hiearchy of Life, B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jornvall (eds.), Elsevier, New York. pp. 161-178, [24]. From Pelentier, B. (2007-2015), [25].

Eukaryotes

  • Rhodophyca
  • Supergroup 1
    • Plantae
    • Supergroup 2
      • Cryptomonada
      • Supergroup 3
        • Amebae+Oomycota+Chromobiota+Heliozoa
        • Supergroup 4
          • Polymastigota
          • Animalia+(Choanozoa+Fungi)
          • Opalinida+Dinociliata+Euglenaria

Lipscomb (1991)

Lipscomb, D. (1991). Broad classification: the kingdoms and the protozoa. In: Parasitic Protozoa, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. J.P. Kreier & J.R. Baker (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 81-136, [26].

Eukaryotes

Corliss (1994)

From An Interim Utilitarian ("User-friendly") Hierarchical Classification and Characterization of the Protists.

Empire Eukaryota

Kussakin & Drozdov (1994)

Кусакин О.Г, Дроздов А.Л. 1994. Филема органического мира. Часть 1. Пролегомены к построению филемы. С.-Петербург: Наука, [27].

Kussakin O.G., Drozdov A.L. (1994). Phylema of the living beings. Part 1. Prolegomena to the construction of phylema. Nauka, St.-Petersburg (in Russian).

Cavalier-Smith (1995)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1995). Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates (ed. S.A. Karpov), Cytology [Tsitologiia], 37 (11): 1010–1029, [28].

Eukaryota

Starobogatov (1995)

Starobogatov, Y. I. (1995). The position of flagellated protists in the system of lower eukaryotes. In: The biology of free-living heterotrophic flagellates (ed. S.A. Karpov), Cytology, 37 (11): 1030–7, [29]. Also in: Abstracts of the Second International Symposium on the Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates: 14th – 20th August 1994 – St. Petersburg, Russia. Europ. J. Protistol. 31, 109-118, [30].

Eukaryota

Margulis (1996)

From Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life [31].

Eukarya (= Eukaryotae)

Hausmann & Hülsmann (1996)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hülsmann. Protozoology. 2nd ed. Thieme Verlag; New York, 1996. [32], [33].

Empire Eukaryota

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

From A revised six-kingdom system of life, [34].

  • Empire or Superkingdom 1. Prokaryota
  • Empire or Superkingdom 2. Eukaryota
    • Kingdom 1. Protozoa Goldfuss 1818 stat. nov. Owen 1858 em. [almost certainly paraphyletic]
    • Kingdom 2. Animalia Linnaeus 1758 em. Cavalier-Smith 1995 (unnecessary synonym Metazoa Haeckel 1874)
    • Kingdom 3. Fungi Linnaeus 1753 stat. nov. Nees 1817 em.
    • Kingdom 4. Plantae Haeckel 1866 em. Cavalier-Smith 1981
    • Kingdom 5. Chromista Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.

Kussakin & Drozdov (1998)

КусакинО Г., ДроздовА. Л. 1998. Филема органического мира. Часть 2. Прокариоты и низшие эукариоты. С.-Петербург: Наука, [35].

Kussakin O.G., Drozdov A.L. (1998). Phylema of the living beings. Part 2. Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. Nauka, St.-Petersburg (in Russian).

Patterson (1999)

Patterson, D. J. (1999). The diversity of eukaryotes. The American Naturalist, 154($1–$2): S96-S124. [36].

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. 3rd ed. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

Cavalier-Smith (2003)

From Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, [37].

Eukaryota

Cavalier-Smith (2004)

From Only six kingdoms of life, [38].

Empire Eukaryota (Cavalier-Smith 1998)

Adl et al. (2005)

From The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists, [39].

Eukaryota

Lecointre & Le Guyader (2006)

Lecointre, G. & Le Guyader, H. Classification phylogénétique du vivant, 3e éd., Belin, Paris, 2006, [40].

Le vivant

Cavalier-Smith (2009)

From Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations.

Eukaryota

[Note: Protists not included in the groups Plantae, Chromista, Animalia or Fungi belong in the Protozoa.]

Cavalier-Smith (2010)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5, [41].

Eukaryota

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S. M. et al. (2012). The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–514, [42]. Erratum: [43].

Eukaryota

Cavalier-Smith (2013)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013). Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa Eur. J. Protistol., 49, pp. 115–178, [44].

Brown et al. (2013)

Brown, M.W., Sharpe, S.C., Silberman, J.D., Heiss, A.A., Lang, B.F., Simpson, A.G.B., Roger, A.J. (2013). Phylogenomics demonstrates that breviate flagellates are related to opisthokonts and apusomonads. Proc Biol Sci 280(1769):20131755, [45].

Eukaryota

Pawlowski (2013)

Pawlowski, J. (2013). The new micro-kingdoms of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 11:40, [46].

Eukaryotes

Paps (2013)

Paps, J., Medina-Chacón, L. A., Marshall, W., Suga, H., & Ruiz-Trillo, I. (2013). Molecular phylogeny of unikonts: new insights into the position of apusomonads and ancyromonads and the internal relationships of opisthokonts. Protist, 164(1), 2-12.

Eukaryota

Boudouresque (2015)

Boudouresque, C. F. (2015). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes. In: Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications (pp. 191-257). Springer: Netherlands, [47].

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes [alternative classification]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [48].

Derelle et al. (2015)

Derelle, R., Torruella, G., Klimeš, V., Brinkmann, H., Kim, E., Vlček, Č., Lang, B.F. & Eliáš, M. (2015). Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root. PNAS, 201420657, [49].

Eukaryota

Speijer et al. (2015)

Speijer, D., Lukeš, J., & Eliáš, M. (2015). Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life. PNAS, 112(29), 8827-8834, [50]

Eukaryotes

Cavalier-Smith et al. (2015)

Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E., & Lewis, R. (2015). Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 93, 331-362, [51].

Eukaryota

Silar (2016)

Silar, Philippe (2016). Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL: 462, [52].

Eukaryota

References

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  • Allsopp, A. 1969. Phylogenetic relationships of the Procaryota and the origin of the eucaryotic cell. New Phytol. 68:591-612.
  • Baldauf, S.L. 2003: The deep roots of eukaryotes. Science, 300: 1703–1706.
  • Baldauf, S.L., Roger, A.J., Wenk-Siefert, I., & Doolittle, W.F. (2000). A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. Science 290: 972–977.
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  • Burki, F.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, K.; Minge, M.; Skjæveland, A.; Nikolaev, S.I.; Jakobsen, K.S.; Pawlowski, J. 2007: Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups. PLoS ONE, 2: e790. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000790
  • Burki, F.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, K.; Pawlowski, J. 2008: Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes. Biology letters, 4: 366–369. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224 PDF
  • Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981: Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Biosystems, 14: 461–481.
  • Cavalier-Smith, T. 2009: Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 56: 26–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x
  • Chatton, É. (1925). Pansporella perplexa, amoebiens à spores protégées parasite de daphnies. Réflections sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Série 10 VIII: 5–84.
  • Chatton, É. (1937/1938). Titre et travaux scientifique (1906-1937) de Edouard Chatton. Sette, Sottano, Italy.
  • Christensen, T. (1962). Alger. In: T.W. Böcher, M. Lange, and T. Sørensen (eds.). Botanik. Bind II. Systematisk botanik. Nr. 2, 1–178. I Kommission hos Munksgaard, Copenhagen, [53].
  • Fott, B. (1959). Algenkunde. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 482 p. Translation of: Sinice a řasy. Academia Praha, 1956, [54].
  • Fott, B. (1971). Algenkunde. 2nd ed. VEB Fischer, Jena, 581 pp., [55]. Translation of: Sinice a řasy. 2nd ed., Academia Praha, 515 p., 1967, [56].
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  • Jeffrey, C. (1971). Thallophytes and kingdoms - a critique. Kew. Bull., 25, 291-299. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [57].
  • Katscher, F. (2004). The history of the terms Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Protist, 155(2), 257-263, [58].
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  • Möhn, E. 1984: System und Phylogenie der Lebewesen. I. Physikalische, chemische und biologische Evolution. Prokaryonta. Eukaryonta. (bis Ctenophora). Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
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Links

Vernacular names

Alemannisch: Eukaryote
العربية: حقيقية النوى
Boarisch: Eikaryóten, Eikaryótner
беларуская: Эўкарыёты
български: Еукариоти
বাংলা: সকেন্দ্রক অধিজগত
bosanski: Eukarioti
català: Eucariota
čeština: jaderní
dansk: Eukaryoter
Deutsch: Eukaryoten, Eukaryonten
Ελληνικά: Ευκαρυώτες
English: eukaryotes
Esperanto: Eŭkariotoj
español: Eucariontes
eesti: Eukarüoodid, Päristuumsed
فارسی: هسته داران
suomi: Aitotumaiset
Nordfriisk: Eukarioten
français: Eucaryotes
Gaeilge: Eocaróit
ગુજરાતી: સકેન્દ્રક અધિજગત
עברית: איקריוטיים
हिन्दी: सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
hrvatski: Eukarioti
magyar: Eukarióták
հայերեն: Կորիզավորներ
interlingua: Eucaryotes
íslenska: Heilkjörnungar
italiano: Eucarioti
日本語: 真核生物ドメイン
ភាសាខ្មែរ: សុធញ្ញៈ
한국어: 진핵생물
Latina: Eucaryota
Lëtzebuergesch: Eukaryota
lietuvių: Eukariotai
latviešu: Eikariots
македонски: Еукариоти
मराठी: सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
नेपाली: सकेन्द्रक अधिजगत
Nederlands: Eukaryoten
norsk: Eukaryoter
occitan: Eucariòtas
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਸਕੇਂਦਰਕ ਅਧਿਜਗਤ
polski: Eukarionty
português do Brasil: Eucarionte
português: Eucariota
română: Eucariote
русский: Эукариоты
සිංහල: සූන්‍යෂ්ටිකයන් (යුකැරියා)
slovenčina: eukaryoty, eukaryonty, jadrové organizmy, nukleobionty, jadrovce
shqip: Eukariotët
svenska: Eukaryoter
தமிழ்: மெய்க்கருவுயிரி
Türkçe: Ökaryotlar
українська: Еукаріоти
Tiếng Việt: Sinh vật nhân chuẩn
中文: 真核域
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