Opisthokonta

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Elaphrus fuliginosus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladi: Animalia (regnum) - Choanomonada - Fungi (regnum) - Mesomycetozoa

Nome

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005

Alternative classifications

Vischer (1945)

• Vischer, W. 1945. Über einen pilzähnlichen, autotrophen Mikroorganismus, Chlorochytridion, einige neue Protococcales und die systematische Bedeutung der Chloroplasten. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 56: 41–59. Reference page. 

Klasse Opistokontae (pulselloflagellat)

• Monadophyta
  • autotroph: Chlorochytridiales (Chlorochytridiaceae).
  • heterotroph: (Craspedomonadaceae?).
• Metaphyta
  • autotroph: -
  • heterotroph: (Archimycetes sensu GÄUMANN proparte?) Chytridiales, Blastocladiaceae, Monoblepharidacea.

Gams (1947)

Gams, H. (1947). Die Protochlorinae als autotrophe Vorfahren von Pilzen und Tieren? Mikroskopie, 2, 383–7, [1]. From Leadbeater (2015) and Copeland (1956).

Opistokonten

• choanoflagellates
• chytrids
• ”some uniflagellate algal monads” [Protochlorinae? Pedilomonas, Chlorochytridion?]
• metazoans
• sporozoans

Rothmaler (1951)

Rothmaler, Werner. (1951). Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. Feddes Rep Spec Nov Reg Veg 3: 256–266, [2], [3].

• Protobionta Rothm. (1948) – Protozoa Owen (1860) – Protista Haeckel (1866) emend. Barkley (1939) – Protoctista Hogg (1861)
  • Mycophyta Pascher (1931) – Inophyta Haeckel (1866) – Phaeophyta Mycophytina Rothm. (1949) [?]
    • Archimycota Rothm., nom. nov. – Archimycetes A. Fischer (1894) – Opisthocontae Gams (1947) – Protochlorinae Vischer (1945) – Opisthophyceae Rothm., nom. event. – Archemycetae Barkley (1939)

Copeland (1956)

Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, [4].

• Kingdom Protoctista
  • Phylum Opisthokonta
    • Class Archimycetes
      • Order 1. Monoblepharidalea
      • Order 2. Chytridinea

Cavalier-Smith (1987)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Rayner, Alan D. M. (ed.). Evolutionary biology of Fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 339–353. From Leadbeater (2015).

Opisthokonta

• choanoflagellates
• animals
• fungi

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

• Phylum Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 1995
  • Subphylum Fungi Nees,1817
    • Infraphylum Chytridiomycota de Вагу, 1863
    • Infraphylum Zygomycota Barr, 1982
    • Infraphylum Eumycota Cavalier-Smith, 1998 (Dikaryomycota)
      • Superclass Microspora Sprague, 1982
        • Class Microsporea Sprague, 1982
          • Subclass Rudimicrosporia Sprague, 1977
          • Subclass Microsporia Delphy, 1963
      • Superclass Ascomycota Berkeley, 1857
        • Class Archaeascomycota
        • Class Hemiascomycota
        • Class Euascomycota
          • Family Nephridiophagidae Sprague, 1970
      • Superclass Basidiomycota de Вагу, 1866
  • Subphylum Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    • Superclass Mesomycetozoa Herr et al., 1999
    • Superclass Choanoflagellata Kent, 1880
    • Infraphylum Metazoa Haeckel, 1874
      • Superclass Myxozoa Grassé, 1970

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Eukaryota

• Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Holozoa Lang et al. 2002 (R)
    • Filasterea Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008
      • Ministeria Patterson et al. 1993, emend. Tong 1997 (Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith, 1997)
      • Capsaspora Hertel et al. 2002 (Capsasporidae Cavalier-Smith 2008) (M)
    • Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998 (Mesomycetozoea Mendoza et al. 2002)
      • Rhinosporidaceae Mendoza et al. 2001 (Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998) (R)
        • Amphibiocystidium ranae, Amphibiothecum penneri, Dermocystidium, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sphaerothecum destruens
      • Ichthyophonae Mendoza et al. 2001 (Ichthyophonida Cavalier-Smith 1998; Amoebidiidae Reeves 2003) (R)
        • Abeoforma whisleri, Amoebidium parasiticum, Anurofeca richardsi, Astreptonema, Caullerya mesnili, Creolimax fragrantissima, Eccrinidus flexilis, Enterobryus oxidi, Enteropogon sexuale, Ichthyophonus, Palavascia patagonica, Pseudoperkinsus tapetis, Psorospermium haeckeli, Sphaeroforma arctica
    • Aphelidea Gromov 2000
      • Amoeboaphelidium, Aphelidium, Pseudoaphelidium [Pseudaphelidium]
    • Corallochytrium Raghu-Kumar 1987 (M)
    • Choanomonada Kent 1880
      • Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
        • Astrosiga, Aulomonas, Choanoeca, Cladospongia, Codonocladium, Codonosigopsis, Codosiga (junior synonym Codonosiga), Desmarella (junior synonyms Codonodesmus and Kentrosiga), Dicraspedella, Diploeca, Diplosiga, Diplosigopsis, Kentia, Lagenoeca, Monosiga, Pachysoeca, Proterospongia, Salpingoeca, Salpingorhiza, Sphaeroeca, Stelexomonas, Stylochromonas
      • Acanthoecida Norris 1965, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
        • Acanthoeca, Acanthocorbis, Amoenoscopa, Apheloecion, Bicosta, Calliacantha, Calotheca, Campanoeca, Campyloacantha, Conion, Cosmoeca, Crinolina, Crucispina, Diaphanoeca, Didymoeca, Helgoeca, Kakoeca, Monocosta, Nannoeca, Parvicorbicula, Platypleura, Pleurasiga, Polyfibula, Polyoeca, Saepicula, Saroeca, Savillea, Spinoeca, Spiraloecion, Stephanacantha, Stephanoeca, Syndetophyllum
    • Metazoa Haeckel 1874
      • Porifera Grant 1836 (Parazoa Sollas 1884)
        • Silicispongia Schmidt 1862 (Silicea Bowerbank 1864, emend. Gray 1867)
          • Hexactinellida Schmidt 1870
          • Demospongiae Sollas 1885, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004
            • Democlavia Sperling et al. 2009, emend. Morrow et al. 2012 (R)
        • Homoscleromorpha Lévi 1973, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
        • Calcispongia Johnston 1842 (Calcarea Bowerbank 1864)
          • Calcinea Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
          • Calcaronea Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
      • Trichoplax von Schulze 1883 (Placozoa Grell 1971) (M)
      • Animalia Linnaeus 1758, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (Eumetazoa Bütschli 1910) [including Myxozoa Grassé 1970]
  • Nucletmycea Brown et al. 2009 (Holomycota Liu et al. 2009) (R)
    • Nuclearia Cienkowski 1865
    • Fonticula Worley et al. 1979 (M)
    • Rozella Cornu 1872 (= Rozellida Lara et al. 2010; Cryptomycota M. D. M. Jones & T. A. Richards 2011)
    • Fungi R. T. Moore 1980

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Karpov et al. (2014)

Karpov, S. A., Mamkaeva, M. A., Aleoshin, V. V., Nassonova, E., Lilje, O., & Gleason, F. H. (2014). Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 112. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112.

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987

• Holozoa
  • Metazoa
  • Choanoflagellata
  • Mesomycetozoea
• Holomycota
  • Nucleariida
  • Fungi
  • Opisthosporidia Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov superphylum nov.
    • Cryptomycota (Jones et Richards, 2011), emend. Karpov et Aleoshin
    • Aphelida Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov phylum nov.
      • Aphelidea Gromov, 2000
    • Microsporidia

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [5].

• Superkingdom Prokaryota
  • Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
  • Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Protozoa
    • Subkingdom Eozoa
      • Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
      • Infrakingdom Excavata
    • Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
      • Phylum Amoebozoa
      • Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Sulcozoa
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
  • Kingdom Fungi
    • Subkingdom Dikarya [= Neomycota]
    • Subkingdom Eomycota
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
    • Subkingdom Biliphyta
    • Subkingdom Viridiplantae
  • Kingdom Animalia

Toruella et al. (2015)

Torruella, Guifré, et al. Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Current Biology 25: 1–7, [6].

Opisthokonta

• Holozoa
  • Metazoa
  • Choanoflagellatea
  • Filasterea
  • "Teretosporea"
    • Ichthyosporea
      • Ichthyophonida
      • Sphaerothecum
    • Corallochytrium
• Holomycota
  • Discicristoidea
    • Fonticula
    • Nuclearia
  • Microsporidia
  • Cryptomycota
    • Rozella
  • Fungi

Riferimenti

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2009: Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 56: 26–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x
• Philip, G.K.; Creevey, C.J.; McInerney, J.O. 2005: The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for Animal and Fungi and Stronger Support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa. Molecular biology and evolution, 22: 1175–1184. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi102
• Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. 2006: The protistan origins of animals and fungi. Molecular biology and evolution, 23: 93–106. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj011

Collegamenti

• Prous, Marko. The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may be clades: An update on Philip et al. (2005). Available from Nature Precedings DOI: 10.1038/npre.2009.3306.1 (2009)
• Wegener Parfrey, Laura 2009. Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesis First Created: 2009–07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009–07-04T15:14:20Z.

Nomi comuni

Ελληνικά: Οπισθόκοντα
English: Opisthokont
français: Opisthocontes, opisthocontes
日本語: オピストコンタ
македонски: Заднокамшични
Tiếng Việt: Sinh vật lông roi sau
中文: 动基体类