Chromista

Chromista

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Chromista
Subregna: Hacrobia – Harosa (Synonymy): Cryptista

Overview of subtaxa

Phyla: Bigyra – Cercozoa – Ciliophora – Cryptophyta – Foraminifera – Haptophyta – Heliozoa – Myzozoa – Ochrophyta – Oomycota – Radiozoa

Genera (incertae sedis): Actinobotrys – Acuturris – Amaurolithus – Blackites – Chromera – Coronaster – Harpakter – Pleuromastix – Stichochrysis – Sulcochrysis – Trichothrauma

Genera (nomen dubium): Algogrunowia – Alphamonas – Bodomonas – Ephippium – Striatococcus – Pterodictyon

Name

Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1981

Similar groups

• Straminipila Dick, 2001
• Chromalveolata

References

• Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, Baillargeon G., eds (2009). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2009 Annual Checklist. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2009/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Links

• Chromista in the World Register of Marine Species

Vernacular names

беларуская: Храмісты
日本語: クロミスタ
polski: Chromisty
中文: 假菌界/原藻界 [1]

Alternative classifications

Cavalier-Smith (1981)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Biosystems, 14(3), 461-481, [2].

Nine eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 462]

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Eufungi
  • Kingdom 2. Ciliofungi
  • Kingdom 3. Animalia
  • Kingdom 4. Biliphyta
  • Kingdom 5. Viridiplantae
  • Kingdom 6. Euglenozoa
  • Kingdom 7. Protozoa
  • Kingdom 8. Cryptophyta
  • Kingdom 9. Chromophyta

Five eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 476-477]

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom 1. Fungi (Ciliofungi + Eufungi)
  • Kingdom 2. Chromista (Cryptophyta + Chromophyta)
  • Kingdom 3. Plantae (Viridiplantae + Biliphyta)
  • Kingdom 4. Protista (Euglenozoa + Protozoa)
  • Kingdom 5. Animalia

Seven eukaryote kingdoms proposal [p. 478]

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Viridiplantae
  • Kingdom Biliphyta
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Cryptophyta
      • Phylum Cryptophyta
    • Subkingdom Chromophyta
      • Phylum Heterokonta
        • Subphylum Chrysophytina
          • Chrysophyceae (including Bicoecida and Silicoflagellida)
          • Xanthophyceae
          • Phaeophyceae
          • Chloromonadophyceae (= Raphidiophyceae)
        • Subphylum Phycomycotina (Oomycetes, Hyphochytridiomycetes, Thraustochytrids, Labyrinthulids)
      • Phylum Bacillariophyta
      • Phylum Eustigmatophyta
      • Phylum Haptophyta
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Kingdom Euglenozoa
  • Kingdom Protozoa

Cavalier-Smith (1986)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1986). The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics. In: Round, F.E. and Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. 4: 309–347, [3].

Kingdom Chromista

• Subkingdom Cryptophyta
  • Phylum Cryptophyta
• Subkingdom Chromophyta
  • Phylum Heterokonta
    • Subphylum Ochrista
      • Class Synuraceae
      • Class Xanthophyceae
      • Class Chrysophyceae
      • Class Phaeophyceae
      • Class Bicosoecea
      • Class Eustigmatophyceae
    • Subphylum Pseudofungi (= Heterkontimycotina)
      • Superclass Pythiista
        • Class Oomycetes
        • Class Hyphochytrea
      • Superclass Labyrinthista
        • Class Labyrinthulea
          • Order Thraustochytriales
          • Order Labyrinthulales
  • Phylum Haptophyta

Cavalier-Smith (1989)

Cavalier-Smith. T. (1989). The Kingdom Chromista. In: J.C. Green et al. (eds). The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives, pp. 381-407. (Actual year of publication, 1990). [4].

• Kingdom Chromista
  • Subkingdom Cryptista
  • Subkingdom Chromophyta
    • Phylum Heterokonta
      • Subphylum Ochrista
      • Subphylum Bicoecia
      • Subphylum Pseudofungi ("Not now a synonym for Heterokontimycotina Dick 1976.")
        • Class Pythiistea
      • Subphylum Labyrinthista Cavalier-Smith 1986. stat. nov.
        • Class Labyrinthulea
    • Phylum Haptomonada
      • Subclass Prymnesidae
      • Subclass Pavlovidae

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, [5].

In Empire Eukaryota

• Kingdom Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1981 emend.
  • Subkingdom Chlorarachnia
  • Subkingdom Euchromista
    • Infrakingdom Cryptista
    • Infrakingdom Chromobiota
      • Phylum Heterokonta
      • Phylum Haptophyta

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

From A revised six-kingdom system of life

In Empire or Superkingdom Eukaryota
Kingdom Chromista Cavalier-Smith 1981 em.

• Subkingdom Cryptista
• Subkingdom Chromobiota
  • Infrakingdom Heterokonta
  • Infrakingdom Haptophyta

Doweld (2001)

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 

Regnum Bacillariobiota Doweld, 2001 (= Chromobiota auctt., Chromista auctt.)

• Subregnum Labyrinthulobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Pseudodendrozoa Doweld, 2001
    • Class Pseudodendratea Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Bicosoecomycota Cavalier-Smith, 1989
  • Phylum Labyrinthulomycota L.S. Olive, 1982

• Subregnum Saprolegniobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Developayellomycota Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Saprolegniomycota Zerov ex Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Hyphochytriomycota Margulis ex Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Opalinomycota Doweld, 2001

• Subregnum Bacillariobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Bacillariophyta Engler, 1909 (= Diatomophyta Haeckel, 1866)
    • Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel, 1878
    • Class Coscinodiscophyceae F.E. Round & R.M. Crawford, 1990
    • Class Fragilariophyceae F.E. Round & R.M. Crawford, 1990
  • Phylum Vaucheriophyta F. Maekawa, 1953
  • Phylum Fucophyta Pax, 1904 (= Dictyotophyta Engler, 1903)
    • Class Dictyotophyceae Engler, 1892
    • Class Fucophyceae Warming, 1884
  • Phylum Eustigmatophyta D.J. Hibberd, 1981
  • Phylum Synurophyta Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Chrysomonadophyta Pascher, 1931
    • Class Chrysomonadophyceae Schoenichen, 1925
    • Class Phaeothamniophyceae R.A. Anderson & J.C. Bailey, 1998
  • Phylum Raphidomonadophyta Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Dictyochophyta Corliss ex Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Pedinellophyta Moehn ex Doweld, 2001
    • Class Pelagophyceae R.A. Anderson & Sanders, 1993
    • Class Pedinellophyceae Moehn ex Doweld, 2001
    • Class Actinophryphyceae Starobogatov, 1980
• Subregnum Acanthocystobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Acanthocystozoa Doweld, 2001
    • Class Gymnophryatea Mikrjukov & Mylnikov, 1998
    • Class Acanthocystatea Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Acanthometrozoa Doweld, 2001
    • Class Acanthometratea Doweld, 2001
• Subregnum Prymnesiobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum Prymnesiophyta D.J. Hibberd ex Doweld, 2001
    • Class Pavlovophyceae J.C. Green & Medlin, 2000
    • Class Prymnesiophyceae D.J. Hibberd, 1976 (= Coccolithophorophyceae Lemmermann, 1903)

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

• Phylum Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1987
  • Subphylum Prymnesiomonada Hibberd, 1976 (Haptomonada, Haptophyta)
  • Subphylum Cryptomonada Senn, 1900
  • Subphylum Heterokonta Luther, 1899
    • Class Proteromonadea Grassé, 1952
    • Class Opalinea Wenyon, 1926
    • Class Chrysomonadea Engler, 1898
      • Order Chrysomonadida Pascher, 1912
      • Order Pedinellida Pascher, 1910
      • Order Silicoflagellida Borgert, 1891 (Dictyochales)
    • Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel, 1878 (Diatomeae)
    • Class Heteromonadea Leedale, 1983 (Xanthophyceae)
    • Class Eustigmatophyceae Hibberd & Leedale, 1971
    • Class Labyrinthulea Cienkowski, 1867 (Labyrinthulomycota)
    • Class Raphidomonadea Heywood & Leedale, 1983 (Chloromonadea)
    • Class Bicosoecidea Grassé & Deflandre, 1952
    • Class Hyphochytriomycetes Patterson, 1982
    • Class Oomycetes Dick, 1976

Cavalier-Smith (2010)

Cavalier-Smith, T. (2010). Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5, [6].

• Kingdom Chromista
  • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Cryptista
    • Heliozoa
    • Haptophyta
  • Subkingdom Harosa
    • Rhizaria
    • Halvaria
      • Alveolata
      • Heterokonta

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

• Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page. 

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
      • Phylum N.N.
      • Phylum Cryptista
      • Phylum Haptophyta
      • Phylum Heliozoa
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
          • Phylum Ciliophora
          • Phylum Miozoa
            • Subphylum Myzozoa
              • Infraphylum Apicomplexa
              • Infraphylum Dinozoa
            • Subphylum Protalveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria

Cavalier-Smith et al. (2015)

• Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E. & Lewis, R. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004 Reference page. 

Kingdom Chromista Cavalier-Smith, 1981

• Subkingdom 1. Hacrobia Okamoto et al. ex Cavalier-Smith, 2010 and Cavalier-Smith, 2010
  • Phylum 1. Haptista Cavalier-Smith phyl. n. (originally infrakingdom)
    • Subphylum 1. Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith subphyl. n. (compositionally identical to phylum Haptophyta Hibberd ex Cavalier-Smith, 1986
      • Class 1. Coccolithophyceae Casper, 1972 ex Rothmaler, 1951 (=Prymnesiophyceae Hibberd em. Cavalier-Smith et al., 1996a and Cavalier-Smith et al., 1996b) (e.g. Emiliania, Isochrysis, Prymnesium)
      • Class 2. Pavlovophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1986 (e.g. Diacronema, Pavlova)
      • Class 3. Rappephyceae Cavalier-Smith cl. n. (Diagnosis: rappemonads: plastid-bearing sisters of Coccolithophyceae plus Pavlovophyceae)
    • Subphylum 2. Heliozoa Cavalier-Smith subphyl. n.
      • Class Centrohelea Kühn, 1926 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (e.g. Oxnerella, Polyplacocystis, Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys) (= unranked Centroheliozoa: Dürrschmidt and Patterson, 1987a and Dürrschmidt and Patterson, 1987b)
  • Phylum 2. Cryptista Cavalier-Smith, 1989 em.
    • Subphylum 1. Rollomonadia Cavalier-Smith (2013)
      • Superclass 1. Cryptomonada Cavalier-Smith, 2004 (as subphylum) stat. n.
        • Class 1. Cryptophyceae Fritsch in West and Fritsch, 1927 (e.g. Guillardia)
        • Class 2. Goniomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (Goniomonas)
      • Superclass 2. Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith supercl. n. (Diagnosis: as for subphylum Leucocrypta and class Leucocryptea in Cavalier-Smith (2004) p. 77)
        • Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith, 2004
          • Order Kathablepharida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (e.g. Kathablepharis, Roombia)
    • Subphylum 2. Palpitia Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2012
      • Class Palpitea Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2012 (Palpitomonas)
    • Subphylum 3. Corbihelia Cavalier-Smith subphyl. n.
      • Superclass 1. Endohelia Cavalier-Smith supercl. n.
        • Class Endohelea Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al., 2012
          • Order 1. Microhelida Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al., 2012 (Microheliella)
          • Order 2. Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 em. 2012 (Heliomorpha)
      • Superclass 2. Corbistoma Cavalier-Smith supercl. n.
        • Class 1. Picomonadea Seenivasan et al., 2013
          • Order Picomonadida Seenivasan et al., 2013 (Picomonas)
        • Class 2. Telonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
          • Order Telonemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993 (Telonema, Lateronema)
• Subkingdom 2. Harosa Cavalier-Smith, 2010a and Cavalier-Smith, 2010b
  • Infrakingdom 1. Halvaria Cavalier-Smith, 2010a and Cavalier-Smith, 2010b
    • Superphylum 1. Heterokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1981 (=stramenopiles)
      • Phyla Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi, Bigyra
    • Superphylum 2. Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991 stat. n. 2013
      • Phyla Miozoa (Subphyla Protalveolata and Myzozoa (infraphyla Dinozoa and Apicomplexa)) and Ciliophora
  • Infrakingdom 2. Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002a and Cavalier-Smith, 2002b
    • Phyla Cercozoa and Retaria