Viola (L.)
Taxonavigation
Taxonavigation: Malpighiales |
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Classification System: APG IV
Superregnum: Eukaryota |
Familia: Violaceae
Genus: Viola
Subgenera:
V. subg. Chamaemelanium –
V. subg. Erpetion –
V. subg. Melanium –
V. subg. Viola
Species
Top · a · b · c · d · e · f · g · h · i · j · k · l · m · n · o · p · q · r · s · t · u · v · w · x · y · z |
a
V. abbreviata –
V. abulensis –
V. abyssinica –
V. acanthophylla –
V. accrescens –
V. acrocerauniensis –
V. acuminata –
V. acutifolia –
V. adenothrix –
V. adunca –
V. aduncoides –
V. aethnensis –
V. aetolica –
V. affinis –
V. aizoon –
V. alaica –
V. alba –
V. albanica –
V. albida –
V. alburnica –
V. alexandrowiana –
V. alexejana –
V. allchariensis –
V. alliariifolia –
V. allochroa –
V. alpina –
V. altaica –
V. amamiana –
V. ambigua –
V. amiatina –
V. amurica –
V. anagae –
V. angkae –
V. angustifolia –
V. anitae –
V. annamensis –
V. appalachiensis –
V. araucaniae –
V. arborescens –
V. argentina –
V. arguta –
V. arsenica –
V. arvensis –
V. athois –
V. atropurpurea –
V. aurantiaca –
V. aurata –
V. auricolor –
V. auricula –
V. austrosinensis
b
V. bakeri –
V. balansae –
V. balcanica –
V. bangii –
V. banksii –
V. baoshanensis –
V. barhalensis –
V. barkalovii –
V. barroetana –
V. baxteri –
V. beamanii –
V. beati –
V. beckeriana –
V. beckiana –
V. beckwithii –
V. belophylla –
V. bertolonii –
V. betonicifolia –
V. bezdelevae –
V. bhutanica –
V. biflora –
V. binayensis –
V. bissetii –
V. blanda –
V. blandiformis –
V. bocquetiana –
V. boissieuana –
V. boliviana –
V. brachyceras –
V. brachypetala –
V. brachyphylla –
V. breviflora –
V. brevistipulata –
V. bridgesii –
V. brittoniana –
V. bubanii –
V. bulbosa –
V. bustillosia
c
V. calabra –
V. calcarata –
V. calchaquiensis –
V. calcicola –
V. caleyana –
V. cameleo –
V. canadensis –
V. canescens –
V. canina –
V. capillaris –
V. caspia –
V. cassinensis –
V. caucasica –
V. cavillieri –
V. cazorlensis –
V. cenisia –
V. cephalonica –
V. cerasifolia –
V. cervatiana –
V. chaerophylloides –
V. chalcosperma –
V. chamaedrys –
V. chamissoniana –
V. changii –
V. charlestonensis –
V. chassanica –
V. cheeseana –
V. cheiranthifolia –
V. chejuensis –
V. chelmea –
V. chiapasiensis –
V. cilentana –
V. cilicica –
V. cinerea –
V. clauseniana –
V. cleistogamoides –
V. cochranei –
V. collina –
V. columnaris –
V. comberi –
V. commersonii –
V. communis –
V. comollia –
V. concordifolia –
V. confertifolia –
V. congesta –
V. cornuta –
V. coronifera –
V. corralensis –
V. corsica –
V. cotyledon –
V. crassifolia –
V. crassiuscula –
V. cuatrecasasii –
V. cucullata –
V. cuicochensis –
V. culminis –
V. cuneata –
V. cunninghamii –
V. curtisiae –
V. cuspidifolia –
V. czemalensis
d
V. dacica –
V. dactyloides –
V. dalatensis –
V. dandoisiorum –
V. danielae –
V. dasyphylla –
V. davidii –
V. decipiens –
V. declinata –
V. decumbens –
V. delavayi –
V. delphinantha –
V. demetria –
V. denizliensis –
V. diamantiaca –
V. dichroa –
V. diffusa –
V. dimorphophylla –
V. dirimliensis –
V. dirphya –
V. disjuncta –
V. dissecta –
V. diversifolia –
V. doerfleri –
V. dombeyana –
V. domeikoana –
V. domestica –
V. douglasii –
V. dubyana –
V. duclouxii –
V. dukadjinica –
V. dyris
e
V. ecuadorensis –
V. edulis –
V. egglestonii –
V. eizanensis –
V. elatior –
V. elegantula –
V. emarginata –
V. eminens –
V. eminii –
V. enmae –
V. epipsila –
V. epipsiloides –
V. epirota –
V. eriocarpa –
V. ermenekensis –
V. escarapela –
V. escondidaensis –
V. etrusca –
V. euboea –
V. eugeniae –
V. evae –
V. eximia –
V. exsul
f
V. falconeri –
V. farkasiana –
V. faurieana –
V. ferdinandea –
V. ferrarinii –
V. ferreyrae –
V. filicaulis –
V. fimbriatula –
V. fischeri –
V. flagelliformis –
V. flavicans –
V. flettii –
V. floridana –
V. flos-idae –
V. fluehmannii –
V. formosana –
V. forrestiana –
V. forskaalii –
V. fragrans –
V. frank-smithii –
V. friderici –
V. frigida –
V. frondosa –
V. frusinatae –
V. fruticosa –
V. fuscifolia –
V. fuscoviolacea
g
V. galeanaensis –
V. ganiatsasii –
V. gaviolii –
V. gelida –
V. germainii –
V. glabella –
V. glaberrima –
V. glandularis –
V. glechomoides –
V. gmeliniana –
V. godoyae –
V. gracilis –
V. gracillima –
V. grahami –
V. grandisepala –
V. granulosa –
V. grayi –
V. grisebachiana –
V. grypoceras –
V. guadalupensis –
V. guangzhouensis –
V. guatemalensis –
V. guaxarensis
h
V. hallii –
V. hamiltoniana –
V. hancockii –
V. hastata –
V. hederacea –
V. hediniana –
V. heldreichiana –
V. helena –
V. hemsleyana –
V. henriquesii –
V. henryi –
V. herzogii –
V. hieronymi –
V. hillii –
V. hirsutula –
V. hirta –
V. hirtipes –
V. hispida –
V. hissarica –
V. hondoensis –
V. hookeri –
V. hookeriana –
V. howellii –
V. huesoensis –
V. huidobrii –
V. hultenii –
V. humilis –
V. hybanthoides –
V. hymettia
i
V. ilvensis –
V. improcera –
V. improvisa –
V. incisa –
V. incognita –
V. inconspicua –
V. indica –
V. ingolensis –
V. ircutiana –
V. irinae –
V. isaurica –
V. isopetala –
V. ivonis –
V. iwagawae
j
V. jalapaensis –
V. jangiensis –
V. japonica –
V. jaubertiana –
V. javanica –
V. jeniseensis –
V. jinggangshanensis –
V. jizushanensis –
V. joergensenii –
V. johnstonii –
V. jooi –
V. jordanii
k
V. kamtschadalorum –
V. kauaensis –
V. keiskei –
V. kermesina –
V. kitaibeliana –
V. kitamiana –
V. kizildaghensis –
V. kjellbergii –
V. kopaonikensis –
V. kosanensis –
V. kosaninii –
V. kunawarensis –
V. kusanoana –
V. kusnezowiana
l
V. labradorica –
V. lactea –
V. lactiflora –
V. lainzii –
V. lanaiensis –
V. lanceolata –
V. langeana –
V. langloisii –
V. langsdorfii –
V. lanifera –
V. laricicola –
V. latistipula –
V. latiuscula –
V. lehmanii –
V. leyboldiana –
V. libanotica –
V. lilliputana –
V. lilloana –
V. limbarae –
V. lithion –
V. livonica –
V. llullaillacoensis –
V. lobata –
V. lologensis –
V. longipetiolata –
V. lovelliana –
V. lucens –
V. lungtungensis –
V. lutea –
V. lyallii
m
V. macloskeyi –
V. macroceras –
V. maculata –
V. magellanica –
V. magellensis –
V. magnifica –
V. majchurensis –
V. mandonii –
V. mandshurica –
V. maoershanensis –
V. marcelorosasii –
V. maroccana –
V. mauritii –
V. maviensis –
V. maximowicziana –
V. maymanica –
V. mearnsii –
V. membranacea –
V. mercurii –
V. merrilliana –
V. merxmuelleri –
V. mesadensis –
V. miaolingensis –
V. micranthella –
V. microcentra –
V. microphylla –
V. milanae –
V. minuscula –
V. minuta –
V. minutiflora –
V. mirabilis –
V. missouriensis –
V. modesta –
V. molisana –
V. mongolica –
V. montagnei –
V. montcaunica –
V. moupinensis –
V. mucronulifera –
V. muehldorfii –
V. muliensis –
V. munbyana –
V. murronensis –
V. muscoides
n
V. nagasawae –
V. nana –
V. nanlingensis –
V. nannae –
V. nannei –
V. nassauvioides –
V. nebrodensis –
V. nemoralis –
V. nephrophylla –
V. niederleinii –
V. nitida –
V. nobilis –
V. novae-angliae –
V. nubigena –
V. nuda –
V. nujiangensis –
V. nummulariifolia –
V. nuttallii
o
V. oahuensis –
V. oblonga –
V. obtusa –
V. occulta –
V. ocellata –
V. odontocalycina –
V. odorata –
V. orbelica –
V. orbiculata –
V. oreades –
V. orientalis –
V. orphanidis –
V. orthoceras –
V. ovalleana –
V. ovato-oblonga –
V. oxyodontis
p
V. pachyrrhiza –
V. pachysoma –
V. pacifica –
V. painteri –
V. palatina –
V. pallascaensis –
V. palmata –
V. palmensis –
V. palustris –
V. papuana –
V. paradoxa –
V. parnonia –
V. parvula –
V. patrinii –
V. pectinata –
V. pedata –
V. pedatifida –
V. pedunculata –
V. pekinensis –
V. pendulicarpa –
V. pentadactyla –
V. perreniformis –
V. perinensis –
V. perpusilla –
V. petraea –
V. phalacrocarpa –
V. philippica –
V. philippiana –
V. phitosiana –
V. primorsakjensis –
V. pilosa –
V. pinetorum –
V. pinnata –
V. pitouchaoensis –
V. placida –
V. pluviae –
V. poetica –
V. polycephala –
V. polypoda –
V. portalesia –
V. portulacea –
V. praemorsa –
V. primulifolia –
V. principis –
V. prionantha –
V. producta –
V. pseudaetolica –
V. pseudograeca –
V. pubescens –
V. pubipetala –
V. pulvinata –
V. pumila –
V. purpurea –
V. pusilla –
V. pusillima –
V. pygmaea –
V. pyrenaica
q
r
V. raddeana –
V. rafinesquei –
V. ramiflora –
V. ramosiana –
V. rauliniana –
V. rausii –
V. regina –
V. reichei –
V. reichenbachiana –
V. renifolia –
V. replicata –
V. retusa –
V. rheophila –
V. rhodopeia –
V. rhombifolia –
V. riviniana –
V. roccabrunensis –
V. rodriguezii –
V. roigii –
V. rosacea –
V. rossii –
V. rossowiana –
V. rostrata –
V. rosulata –
V. rotundifolia –
V. rubella –
V. rubromarginata –
V. rudolfii –
V. rudolphi –
V. rugosa –
V. rugulosa –
V. rupestris –
V. rupicola
s
V. saccata –
V. sacchalinensis –
V. sacculus –
V. sagittata –
V. samothracica –
V. sandrasea –
V. santiagoensis –
V. saxifraga –
V. scandens –
V. schachimardanica –
V. schariensis –
V. scorpiuroides –
V. seleriana –
V. selkirkii –
V. sempervirens –
V. sempervivum –
V. senzanensis –
V. septemloba –
V. septentrionalis –
V. sequeirae –
V. serpentinicola –
V. serresiana –
V. sfikasiana –
V. shaoyoukengensis –
V. sheltonii –
V. shikokiana –
V. shinchikuensis –
V. sieberiana –
V. sieboldii –
V. sieheana –
V. sikkimensis –
V. silicestris –
V. singularis –
V. sintenisii –
V. sirinica –
V. skottsbergiana –
V. somchetica –
V. sororia –
V. spathulata –
V. speciosa –
V. spegazzinii –
V. sphaerocarpa –
V. stagnina –
V. steinbachii –
V. stewardiana –
V. stipularis –
V. stojanowii –
V. stoloniflora –
V. stoneana –
V. striata –
V. striatella –
V. striis-notata –
V. stuebelii –
V. suavis –
V. subandina –
V. subasica –
V. subatlantica –
V. subdimidiata –
V. subsinuata –
V. sumatrana –
V. szetschwanensis
t
V. taltalensis –
V. tanaitica –
V. tarbagataica –
V. tashiroi –
V. tectiflora –
V. tenuipes –
V. tenuissima –
V. teplouchovii –
V. teshioensis –
V. thasia –
V. thianschanica –
V. thibaudieri –
V. thomasiana –
V. thomsonii –
V. thymifolia –
V. tienschiensis –
V. tineorum –
V. tokubuchiana –
V. tomentosa –
V. tovarii –
V. triangulifolia –
V. trichopetala –
V. trichosepala –
V. tricolor –
V. tridentata –
V. triflabellata –
V. trinervata –
V. tripartita –
V. trochlearis –
V. truncata –
V. tucumanensis –
V. turkestanica –
V. turritella
u
V. ucriana –
V. uliginosa –
V. umbraticola –
V. umphangensis –
V. uniflora –
V. uniquissima –
V. unwinii –
V. urophylla –
V. utahensis –
V. utchinensis
v
V. vadimii –
V. vaginata –
V. valderia –
V. vallenarensis –
V. vallicola –
V. vanroyenii –
V. variegata –
V. vectoris –
V. velutina –
V. veronicifolia –
V. viarum –
V. villosa –
V. violacea –
V. vittata –
V. volcanica –
V. voliotisii –
V. vorobievii –
V. vourinensis –
V. vulturis
w
V. wailenalenae –
V. wallichiana –
V. walteri –
V. wansanensis –
V. weberbaueri –
V. websteri –
V. weibelii –
V. willkommii –
V. winteri –
V. woosanensis –
V. woroschilovii –
V. wulingensis
x
y
V. yazawana –
V. yezoensis –
V. yildirimlii –
V. yunnanensis –
V. yunnanfuensis –
V. yuzufelensis
Source(s) of checklist: |
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Nothospecies
V. × adulterina –
V. × albimaritima –
V. × albovii –
V. × awagatakensis –
V. × bachtschisaraensis –
V. × bavarica –
V. × bissellii –
V. × blaxlandiae –
V. × braunii –
V. × burnatii –
V. × chrysantha –
V. × conjugens –
V. × consobrina –
V. × consocia –
V. × contempta –
V. × cooperrideri –
V. × cordifolia –
V. × davisii –
V. × doii –
V. × eclipes –
V. × eizasieboldii –
V. × fennica –
V. × filicetorum –
V. × florairiensis –
V. × fujisanensis –
V. × ganeschinii –
V. × gotlandica –
V. × greatrexii –
V. × grubovii –
V. × halacsyana –
V. × haynaldii –
V. × heterocarpa –
V. × hirtiformis –
V. × hollickii –
V. × hungarica –
V. × hyrcanica –
V. × ibukiana –
V. × igoschinae –
V. × incissecta –
V. × insessa –
V. × insolita –
V. × interjecta –
V. × intersita –
V. × iselensis –
V. × jagellonica –
V. × jindoensis –
V. × joannis-wagneri –
V. × josephii –
V. × juzepczukii –
V. × karakulensis –
V. × kerneri –
V. × kisoana –
V. × klingeana –
V. × kozo-poljanskii –
V. × krascheninnikoviorum –
V. × lacmonica –
V. × litoralis –
V. × luciae –
V. × lutzii –
V. × malteana –
V. × markgrafii –
V. × matczkasensis –
V. × melissifolia –
V. × menitzkii –
V. × militaris –
V. × mixta –
V. × mollicula –
V. × mulfordiae –
V. × najadum –
V. × napae –
V. × neglectiformis –
V. × nikitinii –
V. × notabilis –
V. × obtusoacuminata –
V. × obtusogrypoceras –
V. × ogawae –
V. × okuharae –
V. × olimpia –
V. × perplexa –
V. × pluricaulis –
V. × poelliana –
V. × polysecta –
V. × popovae –
V. × populifolia –
V. × porphyrea –
V. × porteriana –
V. × pseudomakinoi –
V. × pynzarii –
V. × raunsiensis –
V. × redacta –
V. × reschetnikovae –
V. × ritschliana –
V. × robinsoniana –
V. × rupestriformis –
V. × savatieri –
V. × scabra –
V. × schauloi –
V. × semseyana –
V. × sermenika –
V. × skofitziana –
V. × subaffinis –
V. × sublanceolata –
V. × sukaczewii –
V. × taradakensis –
V. × tigirekica –
V. × torslundensis –
V. × tuvinica –
V. × tzvelevii –
V. × uechtritziana –
V. × viatkensis –
V. × villaquensis –
V. × vilnaensis –
V. × vindobonensis –
V. × wilczekiana –
V. × wilhelmii –
V. × wilibaldii –
V. × wittrockiana –
V. × wujekii –
V. × yurii –
V. × zophodes –
V. × zwienenii
Source(s) of checklist: |
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Name
Viola L., Sp. Pl. 2: 933 (1753); Gen Pl., ed. 5: 402 (1754).
- Lectotype species: Viola odorata L., Sp. Pl. 2: 934 (1753) (designated by N.L. Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N.U.S. ed. 2. 2: 546 (1913), supported by M.L. Green, Prop. Brit. Bot. 184. Aug 1929).
Synonyms
- Heterotypic
- Ion Medik., Malvenfam.: 102 (1787).
- Erpetion DC. ex Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: t. 170 (1826).
- Type species: Erpetion reniforme Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: t. 170 (1826).
- Grammeionium Rchb., Consp. Regn. Veg.: 188 (1828).
- Lophion Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 5: 516 (1836).
- Chrysion Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 5: 509 (1836).
- Mnemion Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 5: 510 (1836).
- Dischidium Rchb., Handb. Nat. Pfl.-Syst.: 269 (1837).
- Jacea Opiz in B.V.von Berchtold & P.M.Opiz, Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. 2(2): 8 (1839), nom. illeg. non Mill.
- Cittaronium Rchb., Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch: 186 (1841).
- Crocion Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 214 (1914).
- Oionychion Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 210 (1914).
Distribution
Native distribution areas: |
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References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition |
References
Primary references
- Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 933. Reference page.
- Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 402. Reference page.
Additional references
- Britton, N.L. & Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. ed. 2. C. Scribner's sons, New York. Vol. 2: 546. Reference page.
- Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195. In: Sprague, T.A. (ed.): International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
- Coode, M.J.E & Cullen J. 1965. Viola. Pp. 521-532 in Davis, P.H. (ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1 (Pteridophyta to Polygalaceae). 567 pp., Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Internet Archive, Lending Library
Reference page.
- Valentine, D.H., Merxmüller, H. & Schmidt, A. 1968. Viola. Pp. 270–282 in Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea. Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. xxvii + 455 pp, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), ISBN 0-521-06662-X. Reference page.
- Chen, Y., Yang, Q., Ohba, H. & Nikitin, V.V. 2007. Viola. Pp. 74 in Wu, Zh.Y. , Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.-Y. (eds.), Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7. efloras Reference page.
- Little, R.J. & McKinney, L.E. 2015. Viola. Pp. - in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 6: Magnoliophyta: Cucurbitaceae to Droseraceae. 496 pp. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-534027-3. efloras FNA Website Reference page.
- Marcussen, T., Heier, L., Brysting, A. K., Oxelman, B. & Jakobsen, K. S. 2015. From Gene Trees to a Dated Allopolyploid Network: Insights from the Angiosperm Genus Viola (Violaceae). Systematic Biology 64(1): 84–101.
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu071 ResearchGate PDF Reference page.
Links
- Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Viola in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Feb 8. Reference page.
- Hassler, M. 2017. Viola. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2017. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2017 Oct. 6. Reference page.
- Tropicos.org 2020. Viola. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 8 Feb 2020.
- Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. 8 in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2020 Feb Viola.
- International Plant Names Index. 2017. Viola. Published online. Accessed: Oct. 6 2017.
Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Bənövşə
беларуская: Фіялка
български: Теменуга
བོད་ཡིག: མ་མེན་མེ་ཏོག
bosanski: Ljubičica
کوردی: وەنەوشە
čeština: Violka
dansk: Viol
Deutsch: Veilchen
dolnoserbski: Fijałka
Ελληνικά: Βιολέτα, Ίον
emiliàn e rumagnòl: Vióla
English: Violet
Esperanto: Violo
eesti: Kannike
فارسی: بنفشه
suomi: Orvokit
Gaeilge: Sailchuach
עברית: סיגל
hrvatski: Ljubica
hornjoserbsce: Fijałka
magyar: Ibolya
հայերեն: Մանուշակ
Ido: Violo
日本語: スミレ属
ქართული: ია
қазақша: Шегіргүл
한국어: 제비꽃속
kurdî: Binefş
кыргызча: Алагүл
лакку: Банавша тӀутӀи
lietuvių: Našlaitė
latviešu: Vijolītes
монгол: Нил цэцэг
кырык мары: Фиалка
مازِرونی: ونوشه
Nederlands: Viooltje
norsk nynorsk: Fiolar
norsk: Fiolslekten
polski: Fiołek
پښتو: چمبل
русский: Фиалка
davvisámegiella: Violat
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Ljubica
slovenčina: fialka
shqip: Manushaqja
српски / srpski: Љубичица
svenska: Violsläktet
тоҷикӣ: Бунафша
Türkçe: Menekşe
українська: Фіалка
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Binafsha
Tiếng Việt: Chi Hoa tím
中文: 堇菜属
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