User:Tommy Kronkvist/sandbox

Rotated text

The code

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;"
| [[User:Tommy Kronkvist|<span style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(-5deg); -moz-transform:rotate(-5deg); -webkit-transform:rotate(-5deg); -o-transform:rotate(-5deg);">Tommy</span>]] [[User:Tommy Kronkvist|<span style="display:inline-block; transform:rotate(5deg); -moz-transform:rotate(5deg); -webkit-transform:rotate(5deg); -o-transform:rotate(5deg);">Kronkvist</span>]]
|}

renders as:

Tommy Kronkvist

Signing

To sign your messages you simply add four tildes (~~~~) at the end of your edit. This help text about signing messages can subserve. The tilde sign is found on different keys on a keyboard, depending on which operating system and language version of keyboard you have. This table should help you find the tilde on your particular keyboard, but if you don't find it you can use the signature button in the default edit toolbar as a typing aid.

List of valid homonyms

• Names A–D
• Names E–K
• Names L–P
• Names Q–Z

Other useful lists

• Broken redirects — Orphaned pages — System messages
• Double redirects — Pages without connected data items
• MediaWiki:          — Extension:TemplateData

Template for new reference templates

{{subst:reftemp}}

Welcome text for new users

{| align=center class=toccolours width=100%
|<center>[[File:Gtk-dialog-info.svg|40px]] <big>'''[[Wikispecies:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikispecies, {{PAGENAME}}!'''</big></center>

We like having new people contributing to Wikispecies. Here are a few things that may be interesting:

* Have a look at [[Wikispecies:Done and to do|Done and to do]].
* [[Help:Contents]] provides a good introduction to editing Wikispecies.
* [[Wikispecies:Templates#How a taxon page content should be structured|Templates]] are there to help you following syntax and formatting rules.

Please ask further questions in the [[Wikispecies:Village Pump|Village Pump]].

Please don't upload images or other files to Wikispecies unless there's a special reason to do so; use [[commons:Special:Upload|the Wikimedia Commons]] instead. They can then be directly linked from Commons, for use in Wikispecies (and all its sister projects).

We hope you'll enjoy the time you spend on Wikispecies!

You should [[:mw:Help:Signatures|sign your messages]] by ending them with four tildes: ~~~~. This will add your user name and a timestamp to your messages, which makes it easier for other users to follow the discussion and address their comments in a proper way. Please note that signing is normally done on talk pages only, not on conjointly written Wikispecies articles regarding species, genera, etc.

Again: welcome!<br/>Best regards, ~~~, ~~~~~.{{#if:  | &npsb{{{1}}} |}}
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• Trentepohlia

Terms for multiplier numbers

Words in bold are irregular.

1 single 2 double 3 triple 4 quadruple 5 quintuple 6 sextuple 7 septuple 8 octuple 9 nonuple

11 undecuple 12 duodecuple 13 tredecuple 14 quattuordecuple 15 quindecuple 16 sexdecuple 17 septendecuple 18 octodecuple 19 novemdecuple

10 decuple 20 vigintuple 30 trigintuple 40 quadragintuple 50 quinquagintuple 60 sexagintuple 70 septuagintuple 80 octogintuple 90 nongentuple

Catol-Hassler authors

Author links derived from the {{Catol-Hassler}} template.

Name now in template	Suggested link
Abucay, L.	unknown
Bailly, N.	Nicolas Bailly
Bourgoin, T.	Thierry Bourgoin
De Wever, A.	unknown (related to Patrick De Wever?)
Decock, W.	unknown
DeWalt, R.E.	R. Edward DeWalt
Kirk, P.	Paul Michael Kirk
Nicolson, D.	unknown
Nieukerken, E. van	Erik Johannes van Nieukerken
Orrell, T.	Thomas M. Orrell
Penev, L.	unknown
Roskovh, Y.	unknown
Zarucchi, J.	James Lee Zarucchi (no change)

From public Sandbox and other public namespaces

Taxonavigation

if you are here re the RfC Taxon pages: vernacular name in title bar, please refer instead to the updated code at {{Sandbox4}} (this is otherwise a copy of {{VN}} — the code at the top simply needs to be copied across to {{VN}} to deliver this functionality in all languages across all taxon pages)

{{#lst:Template:Sandbox2|test}} Cladi: Artiofabula – Tylopoda
Conspectus familiarum: Antilocapridae – Balaenidae

Deleted reference template (out of scope)

• Unsöld, Markus. 2014. "Two and a half auks" – the history of the Great Auks, Pinguinus impennis, at the ZSM (Charadriiformes, Alcidae). Spixiana 37(1): 153–159. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Spixiana_037_0153-0159.pdf

Psychic Calculator Trick

Much like magic shows, psychic shows also use the power of illusion to simulate the effect of psychic abilities to an audience. For this trick, you will need a Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS calculator. Even if you have one, it doesn't hurt to go to a store and buy a new one; that way, the new calculator comes with a manual. Depending on how long you've had your old TI-30X calculator, it is more than possible that you have lost your TI-30X manual at some point.

Once you turn on the calculator, press "PRB." These letters stand for the word "Probability." This will open a menu; press the left arrow key twice, and you will come to an option that says "RAND." The word "RAND" stands for "random", and as this name suggests, it generates a random (actually pseudorandom) real number between zero and one. To reset the sequence of random decimals, store an integer, a seed value, to the memory variable "rand", which you can access by pressing "STO" and then the left arrow key once. Unlike the five "free" memory variables (A, B, C, D, and E), "rand" takes only integer values between 1 and 2,147,483,562. The value of this integer changes every time you use "RAND" or "RANDI" to generate a random number.

Steps

• 1. Memorize the following 9-place decimal: 0.745579721. Grab some paper, and practice writing this number from memory without looking at this page. It may take some time, but after some practice and patience, you will have this number memorized.
• 2. After memorizing this number, you are ready to try this with your friends. While you are with your friend, turn on your TI-30X calculator, press "PRB", and go to "RAND." Show your friend this feature of "random number generation"), with the manual if needed. Explain to your friend: "This feature, called RAND, generates a random decimal between zero and one." Press "ENTER" a few times, and your friend sees that the number is different each time.
• 3. Ask your friend to borrow your calculator. If your friend has his or her own TI-30X calculator, you may instead ask your friend to use that calculator instead of borrowing yours.
• 4. Tell your friend to turn on the calculator, and ask your friend to store 1 (one) as the seed value. Say, "Press the number one, then press 'STO'. Press the left arrow key. You see the word 'rand' in lowercase here? Press ENTER." If your friend followed these instructions correctly, the number one has been stored as the seed value.
• 5. Tell your friend to generate two "random" numbers using "RAND." Say: "Now, press PRB. Now, press the left arrow key twice. You are seeing the word RAND. Select it, then press ENTER to generate a random number." Turn away from your friend and the calculator, then ask him or her to press ENTER again.
• 6. Before your friend can generate another "random" number, say: "0.745579721" ("Zero point seven four five five ...").
• 7. At this point, your friend will be very impressed. Your friend will be convinced that you are a psychic. And why not? This is a decimal with nine random digits, so why should you be able to guess all nine digits correctly on your first try?

Or so your friend thinks. The numbers the calculator gives you are not actually random, but pseudorandom, and the trick works because these pseudorandom decimals are calculated using a formula. A complicated formula, sure, but it is a mathematical formula.

The Secret

Any time "RAND" or "RANDI" is used for pseudorandom number generation on a TI-30X calculator, the seed value, denoted with lowercase "rand", changes with the following formula:

New Seed = (Old Seed) × 40,014 modulo 2,147,483,563.

The seemingly arbitrary number 2,147,483,563 was chosen for a reason. It is very close to a power of two, as 2³¹ = 2,147,483,648. Subtracting 85 from this number gives 2,147,483,563. The number 2,147,483,563 is a prime number, divisible only by one and itself. Prime numbers are chosen as moduli in random number generators because primes are secure. It follows from Fermat's little theorem that for any prime number n, the multiplicative order of x modulo n, for any integer x such that n does not divide x, is always either n − 1 or a proper divisor of that. For example, the multiplicative order of 10 modulo 37 is 3, which is a proper divisor of 36, which is one less than 37. The multiplicative order of two modulo 53 is 52, so we say that 53 is a full reptend prime in base two; equivalently, two is a primitive root modulo 53. The powers of two, with respect to Z₅₃, repeat every 52 terms. In the case of the TI-30X random number generator, 40,014 is a primitive root modulo 2,147,483,563. After 2,147,483,562 pseudorandom numbers are generated, the cycle repeats. For practical purposes, this is quite secure; if you generate numbers at a rate of one term per second, without taking any breaks, it would take you nearly 70 years to get through the whole cycle.

After the first "random" number is generated, "rand" becomes 1 × 40,014 = 40,014. After the second "random" number is generated, it becomes 40,014 × 40,014 = 1,601,120,196. The random decimal is found by dividing the seed value by 2,147,483,563.

${\frac {1,601,120,196}{2,147,483,563}}=0.7455797211147...$, which, when rounded to nine decimal places, gives 0.745579721.