Help:学名部分

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内容 · ウィキスピーシーズについて · 分類体系 · 学名部分 · 参考文献の節 · 一般名節
画像のガイドライン · 原著者名 & 著者ページ · プロジェクトのテンプレート · プロジェクトの情報源 · 翻訳

学名

学名節は該当する命名規約に定める名称のみ記入します（動物学では属名、種名、科名のみ）。タクソンの一般名は除外しラテン語の名前だけ受け入れます。属以下のタクソンは科学界の慣習に従い、斜体を用います。タクソンの学名には必要十分条件として sanctioning author の名前を添えなければなりません。植物学ではさらに出版年を添えます。そうは言うものの、動物学でも承認された年を示すよう推奨されています。動物学も植物学も古い文献では承認年は出版年と同年とされてきました。植物学では年の数字を必ずカッコに入れます。

動物学: Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 植物学: Clematis viticella L. (1753)

原著者名はそれぞれの著者のページにリンクし、ウィキスピーシーズ上に記事が揃っています。原著者名の扱い方はヘルプ:原著者名のページをご参照ください。

特定のタクソンに2名以上の原著者がある場合には、半角カンマで複数の人名を区切り、最後の人名の前に半角のアンド（&）を入力します。人名にリンクを張るには全員ではなく、1名ずつとします。4名を超える場合は「〜と他」という意味の略語「et al.」 (et alii) が使えます。ただし斜体にする決まりで、また略語であることから語末に半角のピリオドを忘れないでください。(注記：本文直下の参考文献節では「et al.」は使いません。参考文献節に原著もしくはプロトログを提示するには、著者名を全員分、列記します。) 

 Bacillus novalis Heyrman et al., 2004

動物学の原著者名と年号、植物学の原著者名を丸カッコでくくると、命名者の付けた表記から学名が別属に移動されたことを示します。その場合に命名者と別属に移動した人物の両方を引用するには、括弧付き命名者名のあとに括弧なしで半角カンマを使わずに記します（訳注）。植物学では、新しい学名の後に命名者（丸カッコ入り）と属の移動者名（丸カッコ不用）を必ず添えることが推奨され、動物学では一般にはこの慣習を採用しません。 

 動物学: Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793)
 植物学: Clematis alpina (L.) Mill. (1768)

この2例のうち1例目でMacracantha arcuataは有効名valid nameで、命名者のフェブリチウスが付けた名前派synonymyに登録されました。2例目のClematis alpinaはwas originally published under another name by Linnaeus and later recombined by Miller and the original combination may be found the synonymy, if it is accepted to be an earlier valid synonym.

植物学では出版物は分類名の承認において重要な役割を担い、命名規約のもと有効な出版物それ自体が承認を与えます。したがって現代の科学文献における分類学的取り扱いは、著者、日付および出版物を常に省略形式で使用します。ウィキスピーシーズは科学的な利器であり、名前と同義語の両方のセクションでこの規約を適用する必要があります。このウィキスピーシーズでは、International Plant Name Index および World Checklist of Selected Plant など、同様のサイトが採用する規約に従います。 

 植物学: Sciadopitys verticillata (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap. 2(1): 3 (1842).

As Wikispecies has evolved it is now desirable to include a small amount of important additional information in the Name Section. In zoology type locality and location of the holotype are examples. In botany the type of the taxon is another, where the type species of a genus can be seen as essential taxonomic information. 

 動物学: Wagimo signatus Butler, [1882].
            タイプ産地: 日本国北海道, "Kuramatsunai, 8月".
            ホロタイプ: BMNH (Fenton).

Botany: Vella L., Sp. Pl. 2: 641 (1753).

          Type species: Vella pseudocytisus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 641 (1753).

タイプ産地

Some sources provide information about holotypes. Holotypes are specimens of species on which the sanctioning author based his descriptions. Most of the time this is the first time such an organism was found. The type locality describes the place and environment where the holotype was found. Give as much detail as your sources provide. 

 タイプ産地: エクアドル・エスメラルダス県 Cordillera de Toisán, ピエドラス川, Los Pambiles, 00°32'N, 78°38'W, 標高1200 m。

タイプ産地という用語は種名以下のみで使います。

タイプ標本

Holotypes (and other type material) are sometimes stored in museums, and thus the public is able to see what the specimen actually looks like. When such a specimen is stored, the specimen is given a 'tag', which contains a museum number, and an abbreviation of the museum itself. This allows specialists to do further research on already described species, and to check the description of the sanctioning author. All Holotypes are listed on the main Holotype page. The link should be directed to Holotype but masked by the caption of Museum abbreviations. (Click edit on this section to see how the example is done.) 

 ホロタイプ: EPN 851241.

The Holotype can only be found on species rank or lower (for higher group, give type species or type genus instead). Use the appropriate word if the type is not a holotype (e.g. "Lectotype:", "Neotype:" etc.)

同義語、異名

Taxonomy is a changeable branch of science. The status of various published names can change in the light of new knowledge. If it transpires that two taxa, previously described and given different names, are actually identical then the older name takes precedence and the newer name becomes a "synonym" of the older name. Quite often, authors will gain new information that suggests that a certain species should belong in a different Genus from that in which it was originally described. When the species is combined with a different generic name, a "New Combination" is formed. New combinations are not, strictly speaking, "Synonyms", but they are often listed along with synonyms when showing the taxonomic history of a taxon. If this section contains both synonyms and different combinations the heading may be titled "Synonymy" as this is a term that covers the complete history of all the names and combinations applied to an organism. Because visitors might look for the synonyms and different combinations, it is vital that the synonymy is presented. It is very helpful to place a list of synonyms in date rather than alphabetical order. It is common in botany to divide the synonymy into subgroups; its basionym (if this is relevant), homotypic and heterotypic (each with its own homotypic synonyms), which again is helpful for the visitor.

Add the synonyms/synonymy section as a level 3 subsection of the name section, and provide the information as a bulleted list.

動物学名の例: 


=={{int:Name}}==

''Anthene liodes'' ({{a|William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson}}, 1874).

==={{int:Synonymy}}===

*''Lycaenesthes liodes'' Hewitson, 1874: 349.
*''Lycaena adherbal'' Mabille, 1877: 217. Synonymy in Stempffer, 1967: 192.
*''Anthene liodes'' (Hewitson); Stempffer, 1967: 192. New combination.

Create also the Lycaenesthes liodes and Lycaena adherbal pages, and make it a redirect to the Anthene liodes page: 

#REDIRECT [[Anthene liodes]]

植物学名の例: 

=={{int:Name}}==

''Pinus clausa'' ({{aut|Chapman}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}) {{aut|Vasey}} & {{aut|Sarg.}}, Rep. for. N. America 199. (1884)

==={{int:Synonyms}}=== 

{{BA}}
**''Pinus inops'' var. ''clausa'' {{aut|Chapm.}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}, Bot. Gaz. 2: 125. (1877)
{{HOT}}
**''Pinus inops'' subsp. ''clausa'' ({{aut|Chapm.}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}) {{aut|Engelm.}}, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 4: 177. (1880)
**''Pinus virginiana'' subsp. ''clausa'' ({{aut|Chapm.}} ex {{aut|Engelm.}}) {{aut|Eckenw.}}, Conifers World: 647. (2009)
{{HET}}
**''Pinus clausa'' var. ''immuginata'' {{aut|D.B.Ward}}, Castanea 28: 4. (1963)
**''Pinus clausa'' subsp. ''immuginata'' ({{aut|D.B.Ward}}) {{aut|A.E.Murray}}, Kalmia 13: 22. (1983)

分類群の例

完全版の書式で表すと、分類群は次のようになります。 

=={{int:Name}}==
''Glomus przelewicense'' {{a|Janusz Błaszkowski|Błaszk.}}, 1988.
 
Host-Substratum/Locality: From soil under ''[[Thuja occidentalis]]'': Poland
 
Holotype: {{Repository link|DPP}} 578
 
==={{int:Synonyms}}=== 
* ''Glomus przelewicensis'' {{aut|Błaszk.}}, 1988
* ''Diversispora przelewicensis'' {{a|Fritz Oehl|Oehl}}, 2011

プレビューもしくは保存すると、次の表示になります。

学名

Glomus przelewicense Błaszk., 1988.

Host-基層/分布Locality: Thuja occidentalisの根元の地中: ポーランド

ホロタイプ: DPP 578

異名

  • Glomus przelewicensis Błaszk., 1988
  • Diversispora przelewicensis Oehl, 2011

著者テンプレート

It is also a good idea to use the {{a}} and {{aut}} templates (in that order) for the author names, instead of common link brackets. They automatically format the author names using small caps. The {{a}} template also adds a wiki link for the author name, while the {{aut}} template does not: 

=={{int:Name}}==
''Glomus przelewicense'' {{a|Janusz Błaszkowski|Błaszk.}}, 1988
 
Host-Substratum/Locality: From soil under ''[[Thuja occidentalis]]'': Poland
 
Holotype: {{Repository link|DPP}} 578
 
==={{int:Synonyms}}===

* ''Glomus przelewicensis'' {{aut|Błaszk.}}, 1988

プリビューもしくは保存の画面表示:

学名

Glomus przelewicense Błaszk., 1988

Host-Substratum/Locality: Thuja occidentalisの下の地中: ポーランド

ホロタイプ: DPP 578

異名

  • Glomus przelewicensis Błaszk., 1988

Special: Reptile and Amphibian Nomenclature

  • Names coined by Hoser: The nomenclatural chaos and taxonomic destabilization perpetrated by Hoser (2013, 2014a,b, 2018a,b, and multiple other works as documented in Wüster et al. 2021) has led to unprecedented scientific community reaction and rejection of the works in question. Hoser has repeatedly and continuously circumvented conventional and acceptable standards of scientific analysis and peer-review in his broadly sweeping and extensive self-produced taxonomies and nomenclatures. Though only coining 15 new turtle nomina to date, Hoser has attempted to promulgate a total of 1795 new taxon names (1453 reptiles, 290 frogs, 46 mammals, 4 spiders, and 2 fish) from 2000 through January 2021 (Wüster et al. 2021). We regard his actions as disruptive and unwarranted acts of nomenclatural destabilization in defiance of the guiding principles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to promote nomenclatural stability (ICZN 1999), and also in contravention of its own recommended Code of Ethics. Further, we do not regard the self-produced documents circulated under the name Australasian Journal of Herpetology as objective scientific publications (Kaiser et al. 2013; Kaiser 2014; Rhodin et al. 2015; Wüster et al. 2021).
  • In collaboration with a wide leadership group representing the global herpetological and zoological communities, we petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to use its plenary power to declare and treat Hoser’s works as nomenclaturally unavailable (Rhodin et al. 2015). In response, the ICZN (2021) has now issued an opinion on this and related petitions, in which the Commissioners declined to either formally confirm or reject the availability of Hoser’s names and self-produced works, and also indicated that they had no authority to uphold their own Code of Ethics.
  • As a result of this opinion by ICZN, and in view of Hoser’s numerous nomenclaturally destabilizing novelties and confrontational unethical practices, we therefore now agree with and follow the recommendation by Wüster et al. (2021), including their 464 supportive zoologist signatories, to follow the scientific community’s outright rejection of Hoser’s work as being unscientific and disruptive, and the community’s strong support and acceptance of new replacement names (aspidonyms) as valid. We also agree with the analysis and recommendations by Krell (2021), who suggested that prevailing usage within the scientific community could serve as a potential solution to the problems created by Hoser’s approach. We therefore now regard all of Hoser’s turtle names as nomina rejecta and accept such replacement aspidonyms as are validly published, available, and scientifically justified based on best available objective analysis and peer-review.

Turtle Taxonomy Working Group. In press (2021). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (9th Ed.). Chelonian Research Monographs No. 8.

Reptile Database

The Reptile Database, the largest reptile checklist used here significantly has also released a statement saying they will not use names coined through taxonomic vandalism.

Scott Thomson (Faendalimas) talk 20:58, 27 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]

脚注

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