Pinus echinata

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Pinales
Superregnum: Eukaryota Cladus: Diaphoretickes Cladus: CAM Cladus: Archaeplastida Regnum: Plantae Divisio: Tracheophyta Divisio: Pinophyta Classis: Pinopsida Ordo: Pinales

Pinus echinata Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8.: n.° 12 (1768).

Basionym
- Pinus taeda var. echinata (Mill.) Castigl., Viagg. Stati Uniti 2: 313 (1790).
- Pinus virginiana var. echinata (Mill.) Du Roi,Diss. Inaug. Obs. Bot.: 44 (1771).
Heterotypic
- Pinus lutea Lodd. ex Gordon & Glend., Pinetum: 170 (1858), not validly publ.
- Pinus mitis Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 204 (1803).
- Pinus mitis var. paupera Alph.Wood, Class-book Bot.: 660 (1861).
- Pinus royleana Jameson ex Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. London 9: 52 (1855).
- Pinus squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol.: 237 (1788).
- Pinus taeda var. variabilis Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 368 (1789).
- Pinus variabilis (Aiton) Lamb., Descr. Pinus 1: 22 (1803).

Pinus echinata Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif.: 370 (1855), not validly publ. = Pinus mugo Turra

Native distribution areas:

Northern America
- North-Central U.S.A.
  - Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma.
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia.
- South-Central U.S.A.
  - Texas.
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.

Kral, R. 1993. Pinus. Pp. 373-398 in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, XVI, 475 pp. ISBN 0-19-508242-7. efloras FNA Website Internet Archive, Lending Library Reference page.
Businský, R. 2008. The genus Pinus L., pines: contribution to knowledge. A monograph with cone drawings of all species of the world by Ludmila Businská. Acta Pruhoniciana 88: 1–126. PDF (Text) Photos 1–32 Photos 33–42 Figures 1–73 Reference page.
Farjon, A. 2010. A Handbook of the World's Conifers. 2 vols., pp. 1–526 + 527–1111, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, Boston. ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5. Reference page.

Earle, C.J. 2023. Pinus echinata in The Gymnosperm Database. Accessed: 2023 March 27.

Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus echinata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. IUCN Red List Category: Least Concern . DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42359A2974993.en.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Pinus echinata in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 7. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2023. 262913-1 Pinus echinata. Published online. Accessed: March 7 2023. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2023. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Pinus echinata. Accessed: 7 March 2023.Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2023. Pinus echinata. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 March 7. Reference page.