Citharexylum

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Lamiales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Cladus: Diaphoretickes Cladus: CAM Cladus: Archaeplastida Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Asterids Cladus: Lamiids Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Verbenaceae
Tribus: Citharexyleae
Genus: Citharexylum
Subgenera: C. subg. Citharexylum – C. subg. Purpuratum – C. subg. Sudamericanum

Species: C. affine – C. alainii – C. albicaule – C. altamiranum – C. amabile – C. andinum – C. argutedentatum – C. berlandieri – C. bourgeauanum – C. brachyanthum – C. bullatum – C. calvum – C. caudatum – C. chartaceum – C. cooperi – C. costaricense – C. crassifolium – C. danirae – C. decorum – C. dentatum – C. discolor – C. donnell-smithii – C. dryanderae – C. ekmanii – C. ellipticum – C. endlichii – C. flabellifolium – C. flexuosum – C. fulgidum – C. gentryi – C. glabrum – C. glaziovii – C. grandiflorum – C. guatemalense – C. herrerae – C. hexangulare – C. hidalgense – C. hintonii – C. hirtellum – C. ilicifolium – C. iltisii – C. joergensenii – C. karstenii – C. kerberi – C. kobuskianum – C. krukovii – C. kunthianum – C. laetum – C. laurifolium – C. lemsii – C. ligustrifolium – C. lojense – C. lucidum – C. lycioides – C. macradenium – C. macrochlamys – C. macrophyllum – C. matheanum – C. matudae – C. mexicanum – C. microphyllum – C. mirifolium – C. mocinoi – C. montanum – C. montevidense – C. myrianthum – C. obtusifolium – C. oleinum – C. ovatifolium – C. pachyphyllum – C. pernambucense – C. peruvianum – C. poeppigii – C. punctatum – C. quercifolium – C. quitense – C. racemosum – C. reticulatum – C. rigidum – C. montanum – C. rosei – C. roxanae – C. scabrum – C. schottii – C. schulzii – C. sessaei – C. shrevei – C. solanaceum – C. spinosum – C. stenophyllum – C. steyermarkii – C. suberosum – C. subflavescens – C. subthyrsoideum – C. subtruncatum – C. sulcatum – C. svensonii – C. teclense – C. ternatum – C. tetramerum – C. tristachyum – C. ulei – C. vallense – C. venezuelense – C. weberbaueri
Nothospecies: C. × jamaicense – C. × leonis

Name

Citharexylum B.Juss. in C. Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 625 (1753)

Type species: Citharexylum spinosum L. (1753)
Note: Linnaeus cited B. Jussieu as the author of the treatment of Citharexylum {IPNI, 2014)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
- Baillonia Bocq., Adansonia 2: 251 (1862).
- Dicaryum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 4: 802 (1819).
- Rauwolfia Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 26 (1799), orth. var.

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Africa (introduced)
- Regional: Northern Africa
  - Tunisia.
- Regional: South Tropical Africa
  - Mozambique.
Continental: Asia-Tropical (introduced)
- Regional: Indian Subcontinent
  - India.
- Regional: Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands.
Continental: Pacific (introduced)
- Regional: Southwestern Pacific
  - Fiji.
- Regional: North-Central Pacific
  - Hawaii.
Continental: Northern America
- Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
  - Texas.
- Regional: Mexico
  - Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexican Pacific Islands, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Continental: Southern America
- Regional: Central America
  - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
- Regional: Caribbean
  - Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands (introduced), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Turks-Caicos Islands, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Islands.
- Regional: Northern South America
  - French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
- Regional: Western South America
  - Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Galápagos (introduced), Peru.
- Regional: Brazil
  - Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South.
- Regional: Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Paraguay, Uruguay.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2^nd Edition

References

Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 625. Reference page.

Additional references

Frost, L.A., O'Leary, N., Lagomarsino, L.P., Tank, D.C. & Olmstead, R.G. 2021. Phylogeny, classification, and character evolution of tribe Citharexyleae (Verbenaceae). American Journal of Botany 108(10): 1982-2001. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1750 Reference page.
O'Leary, N., Frost, L.A., Mirra, F. & Moroni, P. 2021. Insights into the Taxonomy of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae): A Revision of the South American Taxa 1. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 106(1): 167-233. DOI: 10.3417/2021537 Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2025. Citharexylum in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2025 Nov. 4. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2025. Citharexylum. Published online. Accessed: 4 Nov. 2025. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Citharexylum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 18 June 2014. Reference page.