Banisteriopsis caapi

Banisteriopsis caapi

Banisteriopsis caapi

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Malpighiales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Cladus: Diaphoretickes Cladus: CAM Cladus: Archaeplastida Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Rosids Cladus: Eurosids I Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Malpighiaceae
Genus: Banisteriopsis
Species: Banisteriopsis caapi

Name

Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V.Morton, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21(20): 486 (1931).

Synonyms

• Basionym
  • Banisteria caapi Spruce ex Griseb., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(1): 43 (1886)
    • Type locality: Brasilia [= BRAZIL]. Prov. do Alto Amazonas: propé Panuré ad. fl. Uaupés [= Amazonas: near Ipanore on Uaupés River].
    • Type: R. Spruce 2712 (in flower & fruit, October [1852] – January [1853]; Holotype: B? [destroyed]; Lectotype: K [​K000427256^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}, designated by Oliveira et al. 2020: 187]; Isolectotypes: BM [​BM000796218^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}], BR [​BR0000008699077^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}], C [​C10014189 (NHMD1689729)^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}], E [​E00326511^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}], G {G00352620 (244106/1)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, G00352621 (244106/2)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}}, GH 00045000^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}, K [​K000427257^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}], LE 00002985^(JSTOR), NY [​NY00055093^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}], P {P00689849^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}, P02428885^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}}, RB [​RB00540694 (20468)^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}], W {W 1889-0019824^{(GBIF, REFLORA)}, W 1889-0105110^{(GBIF, REFLORA)}}; cf. TCD [TCD0003905^(JSTOR)]).
• Heterotypic
  • Banisteria quitensis Nied., Banisteria 1: 10 (1900)
    • Type locality: ECUADOR. Ad El Rosario, in silvestribus.
    • Type: H.F.A. von Eggers 15485 ([10 April 1897]; Holotype: B [destroyed: monochrome photocopy: F0BN012792^{(Field Mus., GBIF1, GBIF2, JSTOR)}]; Lectotype: NY [​NY00055139^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, designated by Oliveira et al. 2020: 187; fragment, probably of the holotype]; Isolectotype: F).
      • Banisteriopsis quitensis (Nied.) C.V.Morton, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21(20): 486 (1931); not accepted by Gates (1982) [cited as B. caapi]
  • Banisteriopsis inebrians C.V.Morton, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21(20): 485 (1931); not accepted by Gates (1982) [cited as B. caapi]
    • Type locality: COLOMBIA. Comisaría del Putumayo: Umbría, 0° 54' N, 76° 10' W, in forest, alt. 325 meters.
    • Type: G. Klug 1964 (January–February 1931; Holotype: US [​US00108559 (1517293)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}]; Isotypes: A 00045026^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, BC-Cuatrecasas-637319^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}, BKL [BKL00002910^(JSTOR)], BM [​BM000796170^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}], BR {BR0000008698414^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, BR0000008698742^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}}, CAS {CAS0001033^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, CAS0026273^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}}, ECON [​ECON01117809^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}], F [​V0062591F (651922)^{(CRIA, GBIF, JSTOR)}], G [​G00352638 (244122/1)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}], GH 00045027^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, IAN [​IAN012850], K [​K000427304^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}], L {L.2166591^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, U 0003790^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}}, LP {LP010634^(JSTOR), LP010635^(JSTOR)}, M-0242812 / 737974 / 383334^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}, MEDEL {MEDEL000192^(JSTOR), MEDEL000193^(JSTOR)}, MICH [​MICH1102043 (167531)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}], MO-251670 (1004441)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, NY {NY00055163^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, NY00055164^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}}, P {P02428972^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}, P02428973^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA, speciesLink)}}, PH {PH00007396^{GBIF, JSTOR)}, PH00007397 (1060029)^{GBIF, JSTOR)}}, RB [​RB00540697 (84660)^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}], S {S-R-10129^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}, S08-14594^{(GBIF, JSTOR)}}, SI [SI002626^(JSTOR)], SP [​SP000145 (39811)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, REFLORA)}], US {US01094559 (1830419)^{(GBIF, JSTOR, speciesLink)}, US01268785 (3672467)^{(GBIF, speciesLink)}}, VEN [VEN5496^(JSTOR)], W {W 1937-0006366^(GBIF), W 1958-0019748^(GBIF)}; cf. MA-01-00265613^(GBIF)).
      • Banisteria inebrians (C.V.Morton) J.F.Macbr., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3): 828 (1950)

Distribution

Native distribution areas:
Southern America Northern South America Venezuela. Western South America Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Brazil Brazil West-Central (Mato Grosso), Brazil North (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia). Southern South America Argentina Northwest (Salta). References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Primary references

• Macbride, J.F. 1950. Flora of Peru. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(3/3): 779–999. BHL Reference page. 
• Morton, C.V. (Communicated by E.P. Killip) 1931. Notes on yagé, a drug plant of southeastern Colombia. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 21(20): 485–488. BHL Reference page. 
• Niedenzu, F. 1900–1901. De genre Banisteria, parts 1 & 2. Index Lectionum in Lyceo Regio Hosiano Brunsbergensi (Verzeichnis der Vorlesungen an der Staatlichen Akademie zu Braunsberg 1900/01). Online. PDF (pars prior), PDF (pars posterior). Reference page. 

Additional references

• Gates, B. 1982. Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys (Malpighiaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 30: 1–237. JSTOR . World Flora Online Monographs Details, NYBG Steere Herbarium. Reference page.  [see pp. 112–114]
• Oliveira, R.C. de, Sosin-Oliveira, J., Coelho dos Santos, T.A., Simas e Silva, M., Fagg, C.W. & Sebastiani, R. 2021[2020]. Lectotypification of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. quitensis (Malpighiaceae), names associated with an important ingredient of Ayahuasca. Taxon 70(1): 185–188. DOI: 10.1002/tax.12407 . Reference page. 
• Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) 2017. Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 17: Dicotyledoneae-Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fagales, Malpighiaceae, Oxalidales. San Isidro: Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, 434 pp. ISBN 978-987-45957-7-5. JSTOR . Online version. Reference page. 
• Zuloaga, F.O., Belgrano, M.J. & Zanotti, C.A. 2019. Actualización del Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Darwiniana Nueva Serie, 7(2): 208–278. DOI: 10.14522/darwiniana.2019.72.861 . Appendix 1 (PDF) Catalogue on BHL. Reference page.  [see App. I, p. 585]

Links

• Francener, A. & Almeida, R.F. 2026. Banisteriopsis caapi. In Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Accessed: 6 February 2026.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2026. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Banisteriopsis caapi. Accessed: 2026 February 6.
• Govaerts, R. et al. 2026. Banisteriopsis caapi in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2026 February 6. Reference page. 
• Hassler, M. 2023. Banisteriopsis caapi. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2023. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2023 August 29. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2026. Banisteriopsis caapi. Published online. Accessed: 6 February 2026. Reference page.
• Tropicos.org 2026. Banisteriopsis caapi. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 6 February 2026. Reference page.
• USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Banisteriopsis caapi in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10. Reference page. 

Vernacular names

• English: Ayahuasca
• español: Ayahuasca
• suomi: Amazoninajahuaskaliaani
• português: Caapí

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