Apoidea

Xylocopa violacea

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Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Holometabola
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Apoidea
Familiae (10 + 2†): Ampulicidae – Andrenidae – Apidae – Colletidae – Crabronidae – Halictidae – Heterogynaidae – Sphecidae – Megachilidae – Melittidae – †Angarosphecidae – †Paleomelittidae

Nome

• Apoidea Latreille, 1802

Sinonimi

• Sphecoidea Latreille, 1802

Riferimenti

• Latreille, P.A. 1802. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite à l’histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome troisième. F. Dufart, Paris, pp. i-xii + 13–467 [+ 1 (errata)]. BHL Reference page. 
• Alexander, B. A. 1992. An exploratory analysis of cladistic relationships within the superfamily Apoidea, with special reference to sphecid wasps. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 1: 25-61.
• Astafurova, Yu.V. & Proshchalykin, M.Y. 2019. The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution II. Family Halictidae, subfamilies Rophitinae, Nomiinae, and Nomioidinae. Zootaxa 4650(1): 1–71. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4650.1.1 Reference page. 
• Bossert, S. 2014: The high alpine bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Zillertal Alps, Austria. Biodiversity data journal, 2: e1115. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1115 Reference page. 
• Eardley, C. and Urban, R. 2010: Catalogue of Afrotropical bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes). Zootaxa, 2455: 1–548. Preview (PDF)
• Engel, M.S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2001)259<0001:AMOTBA>2.0.CO;2 Reference page. 
• Engel, M.S. 2005. Family-group names for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). American Museum Novitates 3476: 1–33. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)476[0001:FNFBHA]2.0.CO;2 . hdl: 2246/2786 . Reference page. 
• Engel, M.S. 2011: Systematic melittology: where to from here? Systematic entomology, 36(1): 2–15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00544.x
• Howlett, B.G. & Donovan, B.J. 2010. A review of New Zealand's deliberately introduced bee fauna: current status and potential impacts. New Zealand Entomologist 33(1): 92–101. DOI: 10.1080/00779962.2010.9722196 . Reference page. 
• Michener, C.D. 1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 82: 151–326.
• Michener, C.D. 1953. Comparative morphological and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35: 987-1102.
• Michener, C.D. 1954. Observations on the pupae of bees. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 30: 63-70.
• Michener, C.D., and D. A. Grimaldi. 1988. A Trigona from Late Cretaceous amber of New Jersey. American Museum Novitates no. 2917: 1-10.
• Michener, C.D. 1988. The oldest fossil bee: Apoid history, evolutionary stasis, and antiquity of social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85: 6424-6426.
• Michener, C.D. 2007: The Bees of the World. 2nd Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. 953 pp.
• Montalva, J. and L. Ruz. 2010. Updated systematic list of the Chilean bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Revista chilena de entomología, 35: 15–52. (PDF)
• Pulawski, W.J. 2003–2006. Sphecidae (s.l.): Family-Group Names and Classification. California Academy of Sciences. Introduction
• Roig-Alsina, A. and Michener, C.D. 1993. Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera:Apoidea). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 55:124-162.

Additional references

• Balzan, M.V., Rasmont, P., Kuhlmann, M., Dathe, H.H., Pauly, A., Patiny, S., Terzo, M. & Michez, D. 2016. The bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of the Maltese Islands. Zootaxa 4162(2): 225–244. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.2.2. Reference page. 
• Delphia, C., Griswold, T., Reese, E., O'Neill, K. & Burkle, L. 2019. Checklist of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from small diversified vegetable farms in south-western Montana. Biodiversity Data Journal, 7: e30062. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.7.e30062 Reference page. 
• Kuhlman, M. & Burrows, S. 2017. Checklist of bees (Apoidea) from a private conservation property in west-central Montana. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e11506. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.5.e11506. Reference page. 
• Park, C.N., Overall, L.M., Smith, L.M., Lagrange, T. & Mcmurray, S. 2017. Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea). Zootaxa 4242(2): 255–280. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.2.3. Reference page. 
• Parys, K.A., Griswold, T., Ikerd, H.W., Orr, M.C. 2018. New records and range extensions of several species of native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Mississippi. Biodiversity Data Journal 6: e25230. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.6.e25230. Reference page. 
• Rasmussen, C., Schmidt, H.T. & Madsen, H.B. 2016. Distribution, phenology and host plants of Danish bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Zootaxa 4212(1): 1–100. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4212.1.1. Reference page. 
• Varnava, A.I., Roberts, S.P.M., Michez, D., Ascher, J.S., Petanidou, T., Dimitriou, S., Devalez, J., Pittara, M. & Stavrinides, M.C. 2020. The wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the island of Cyprus. ZooKeys, 924: 1–114. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.924.38328 Reference page. 

Nomi comuni

ak: Adowa
Boarisch: Impen
Deutsch: Bienen
eʋegbe: Anyi
English: Bee
suomi: Mesipistiäismäiset
français: Abeille
magyar: Méhek
日本語: ミツバチ上科 or ハナバチ上科
Türkçe: Arı

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