Trapa natans var. natans

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Trapa natans var. natans
Trapa natans var. natans

Taxonavigation[edit]

Taxonavigation: Myrtales 
Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Myrtales

Familia: Lythraceae
Genus: Trapa
Species: Trapa natans
Varietas: Trapa natans var. natans


Name[edit]

Trapa natans L. var. natans, autonym

Synonyms[edit]

  • Heterotypic
    • Tribulus aquaticus Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 600 (1764), opus utiq. oppr.
    • Trapa castanea Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 127 (1782), opus utiq. oppr.
    • Trapa quadricornis Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 229 (1812).
    • Trapa natans var. glaberrima Wahlenb., Fl. Suecica 1: 100 (1824).
    • Trapa natans var. conocarpa F.Aresch., J. Bot. 11: 246 (1873).
      • Trapa conocarpa (F.Aresch.) Flerow, Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Suppl. 1): 24 (1926).
    • Trapa verbanensis De Not., Index Seminum (RO, Roma) 1875: 28 (1875).
      • Trapa natans var. verbanensis (De Not.) Flerow, Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 23 (1926).
    • Trapa hungarica Opiz ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 249 (1879).
    • Trapa laevis C.Presl ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 249 (1879).
    • Trapa colchica Albov, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 237 (1895).
      • Trapa caucasica var. colchica (Albov) Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 31 (1925).
    • Trapa natans var. rubeola Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 27: 251 (1913).
    • Trapa bispinosa var. jinumae Nakano, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 455 (1913).
      • Trapa bicornis var. jinumae (Nakano) Nakano, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 165 (1964).
    • Trapa maeotica Woronow, Izv. Kavkazsk. Muz. 10: 334 (1917).
    • Trapa natans var. carinthiaca Beck, Carinthia 2: 23 (1921).
      • Trapa carinthiaca (Beck) V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 661 (1949).
    • Trapa muzzanensis Jäggi, Rosl. Polsk.: 421 (1924).
    • Trapa caucasica Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 30 (1925).
    • Trapa europaea Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 23 (1925).
      • Trapa natans var. europaea (Flerow) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993).
    • Trapa sibirica Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 32 (1925).
    • Trapa amurensis Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 34 (1925).
      • Trapa natans var. amurensis (Flerow) Kom., Key Pl. Far East. Reg. USSR 2: 779 (1932).
    • Trapa manshurica Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 37 (1925).
    • Trapa amurensis var. bispinosa Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 35 (1925).
    • Trapa sibirica var. altaica Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 33 (1925).
    • Trapa sibirica var. saisanica Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 33 (1925).
      • Trapa saissanica (Flerow) V.N.Vassil., Fl. Kazakhst. 6: 429 (1963).
    • Trapa caucasica f. microcarpa Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 32 (1925).
    • Trapa caucasica var. tanaitica Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 31 (1925).
    • Trapa natans var. suroshensis Flerow, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 24: 29 (1925).
    • Trapa natans var. surajensis Flerow, Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 23 (1926).
    • Trapa natans var. bohemica Flerow, Izv. Donsk. Politekhn. Inst. 10(Prilozheniye 1): 24 (1926).
    • Trapa astrachanica (Flerow) N.A.Winter, Trudy Bot. Sada Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 43: 756 (1931).
    • Trapa cruciata (Glück) V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 650 (1949).
    • Trapa rossica V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 695 (1949).
    • Trapa tranzschelii V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 692 (1949).
      • Trapa manshurica var. tranzschelii (V.N.Vassil.) Kitag., Neolin. Fl. Manshur.: 466 (1979).
    • Trapa spryginii V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 697 (1949).
    • Trapa septentrionalis V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 695 (1949).
    • Trapa longicornis V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 698 (1949).
    • Trapa potaninii V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 693 (1949).
      • Trapa pseudincisa var. potaninii (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993).
    • Trapa pectinata V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 697 (1949).
    • Trapa maleevii V.N.Vassil. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 15: 696 (1949).
    • Trapa borysthenica V.N.Vassil. in B.K.Schischkin (ed.), Fl. BSSR 3: 460 (1950).
      • Trapa natans var. borysthenica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993).
    • Trapa pyramidalis V.N.Vassil. in B.K.Schischkin (ed.), Fl. BSSR 3: 454 (1950).
      • Trapa conocarpa var. pyramidalis (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993).
    • Trapa pseudocolchica V.N.Vassil. in B.K.Schischkin (ed.), Fl. BSSR 3: 459 (1950).
    • Trapa media (Glück) V.N.Vassil. in B.K.Schischkin (ed.), Fl. BSSR 3: 461 (1950).
    • Trapa flerovii Dobrocz., Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 634 (1955).
    • Trapa danubialis Dobrocz., Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 635 (1955).
    • Trapa macrorhiza Dobrocz., Fl. RSS Ucr. 7: 634 (1955).
    • Trapa brevicarpa Janković, Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zamlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 10: 141 (1957).
    • Trapa longicarpa Janković, Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zamlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 10: 115 (1957).
    • Trapa annosa Janković, Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zamlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 10: 112 (1957).
    • Trapa komarovii var. tetracorna A.I.Baranov & Skvortzov in T.N.Liou (ed.), Clavis Pl. Chinae Bor.-Or.: 240 (1959).
    • Trapa Jankovićii Tacik, Fl. Polska 10: 21 (1963).
    • Trapa kasachstanica V.N.Vassil., Fl. Kazakhst. 6: 429 (1963).
    • Trapa raciborskii Jent.-Szaf. ex Tacik, Fl. Polska 10: 21 (1963).
    • Trapa bicornis var. iwasakii Nakano, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 165 (1964).
    • Trapa araborum V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1966: 178 (1965).
    • Trapa algeriensis V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 182 (1965).
    • Trapa acicularis V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 188 (1965).
    • Trapa numidica V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1965: 180 (1965).
    • Trapa kazakorum P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 201 (1973).
    • Trapa fastigiata P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 205 (1973).
    • Trapa krauselii P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 210 (1973).
    • Trapa caspica V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 203 (1973).
      • Trapa astrachanica var. caspica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 106 (1993).
    • Trapa pseudorossica V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 199 (1973).
      • Trapa rossica var. pseudorossica (V.N.Vassil.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 105 (1993).
    • Trapa ucrainica P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 209 (1973).
    • Trapa wolgensis P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 197 (1973).
    • Trapa uralensis P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 200 (1973).
    • Trapa turbinata P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 207 (1973).
    • Trapa sajanensis P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 202 (1973).
    • Trapa alatyrica Sprygin ex V.N.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 207 (1973).
    • Trapa okensis P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 201 (1973).
    • Trapa metschorica P.Vassil., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 208 (1973).
    • Trapa europaea var. macrocarpa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 345 (1986).
    • Trapa europaea var. egregia Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 346 (1986).
    • Trapa europaea var. vulgata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 346 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa var. delicata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 349 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa subsp. calosa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 347 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa f. miniata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 349 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa var. mirabila Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 348 (1986).
    • Trapa europaea var. clipeata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 346 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa f. effigia Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 350 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa subsp. rubida Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 350 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa f. quadrata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 350 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa f. perexcelsa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 350 (1986).
    • Trapa brevicarpa f. muzzanensoides Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 348 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. coronatoides Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. concamerata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. columnifera Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. brevicola Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. bicornis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. arcuata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. alticarpa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 343 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. amplicornis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. depressa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa var. contortula Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
    • Trapa annosa f. pseudomuzzanensis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
    • Trapa annosa f. erecticornis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
    • Trapa annosa f. bicornis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. perangusticornis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa subsp. valida Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. turgida Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. tesselata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 345 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. subcoronata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 343 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa var. spatiosa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 341 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa var. rubra Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. pseudomuzzanensis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 345 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa subsp. perlongicornis Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 339 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa subvar. miniata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa var. mammeata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa var. loricata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 345 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. falcata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. elongata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 342 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. elata Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. depressa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 340 (1986).
    • Trapa longicarpa f. producticarpa Janković, Fl. SR Srbije 10: 344 (1986).
    • Trapa natans f. suecica Nath., Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 13(3; 10): 23, 34 (1988).
      • Trapa conocarpa var. suecica (Nath.) Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 29: 104 (1993).
    • Trapa grozdovii V.N.Vassil. ex V.N.Tikhom., Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 100(1): 89 (1995).
    • Trapa natans var. hamata Tzvelev, Opred. Sosud. Rast. Severo-Zap. Rossii: 680 (2000).
    • Trapa manshurica var. rubra Pshenn. & Kozhevnikova, Turczaninowia 22(2): 201 (2019).

Distribution[edit]

Native distribution areas:
  • Continental: Europe
    • Regional: Northern Europe
      • Sweden (extinct).
    • Regional: Middle Europe
      • Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland.
    • Regional: Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares, France, Spain (extinct).
    • Regional: Southeastern Europe
      • Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
    • Regional: Eastern Europe
      • Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
  • Continental: Africa
    • Regional: Northern Africa
      • Algeria, Tunisia.
  • Continental: Asia-Temperate
    • Regional: Siberia
      • Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, West Siberia.
    • Regional: Russian Far East
      • Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye.
    • Regional: Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan.
    • Regional: Caucasus
      • North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
    • Regional: Western Asia
      • Iran.
    • Regional: China
      • China South-Central, Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet, Xinjiang.
    • Regional: Eastern Asia
      • Japan, Korea, Taiwan.
  • Continental: Asia-Tropical
    • Regional: Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam, Bangladesh, India, West Himalaya.
    • Regional: Indo-China
      • Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand.
    • Regional: Malesia
      • Jawa, Sumatera.
  • Continental: Northern America (introduced)
    • Regional: Eastern Canada
      • Québec.
    • Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont.
    • Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References[edit]

Additional references[edit]

Links[edit]

Vernacular names[edit]

অসমীয়া: পানী শিঙৰি
беларуская: Вадзяны арэх плывучы
বাংলা: পানিফল
català: Castanya d'aigua
čeština: Kotvice plovoucí
Deutsch: Wassernuss
English: Water Caltrop, Water Chestnut, Jesuit's Nut
suomi: Vesipähkinä
français: Mâcre nageante
हिन्दी: सिंघाड़ा
hornjoserbsce: Wšědna kótwica
magyar: Sulyom
italiano: Castagna d'acqua, Trapa, Tribolo acquatico
日本語: ヒシ
lietuvių: Plūduriuojantysis agaras
Nederlands: waterkastanje, waternoot
polski: Kotewka orzech wodny
română: Cornaci
русский: Чилим, орех водяной
svenska: Sjönöt
தமிழ்: குரலி
Türkçe: Su Kestanesi
Tiếng Việt: Củ ấu
閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú: Lêng-kak
中文: 菱角


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