Hemiptera

Tritomegas sexmaculatus

分类

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Cladus: Pancrustacea
Cladus: Allotriocarida
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Paraneoptera
Superordo: Condylognatha
Ordo: Hemiptera
Subordines: Auchenorrhyncha – Coleorrhyncha – Sternorrhyncha – Heteroptera
Alternate: Heteroptera – Homoptera
Homoptera=Auchenorrhyncha + Coleorrhyncha + Sternorrhyncha [paraphyletic]

名

Hemiptera Linnaeus, 1758

参考文献

基本参考

• Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL 参考页面. 

扩展参考

• Bourgoin, T. & Campbell, B.C. 2002. Inferring a phylogeny for Hemiptera: Falling into the "Autapomorphic Trap". Denisia, 4: 67–82.
• Bourgoin T., Swzedo J. & Lefèbvre, F. 2004. About Hemiptera phylogeny and Classification. Pp. 11-36. In: Fossil Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) of the world. An annotated catalogue with notes on Hemiptera classification. Swzedo, J., Th. Bourgoin & F. Lefèbvre. J. Swzedo edt., Warsaw 2004, 199 pp + 8 pl.
• Campbell, B.C., Steffen-Campbell, J.D., Sorensen, J.T. & Gill, R.J. 1995. Paraphyly of Homoptera and Auchenorrhyncha inferred from 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences. Systematic Entomology 20(3): 175–194. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.1995.tb00090.x .
• Coscarón, M.D.C., Basset, C. & Lopez, N. 2015. Types of true bugs (Insecta, Hemiptera, Heteroptera) deposited in the Museo de La Plata, Argentina. Zootaxa 3977(1): 1–101. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3977.1.1 . Preview (PDF). ResearchGate . ISBN 978-1-77557-733-1 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-734-8 (Online edition) 参考页面. 
• Cryan, J.R. & Urban, J.M. 2012. Higher-level phylogeny of the insect order Hemiptera: is Auchenorrhyncha really paraphyletic? Systematic Entomology 37(1): 7–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00611.x .
• Dohlen, C.D. von & Moran, N.A. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41: 211–223.
• Foottit, R.G., Maw, H.E.L., Kits, J.H. & Scudder, G.G.E. 2019. Hemiptera of Canada. Pp 277–290 In Langor, D.W. & Sheffield, C.S. (eds.). The Biota of Canada – A Biodiversity Assessment. Part 1: The Terrestrial Arthropods. ZooKeys 819: 520 pp. 参考页面.  DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.26574 参考页面. 
• Forero, D. 2008. The systematics of the Hemiptera. Revista Columbiana de Entomologia 34(1): 1–21. [1]
• Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0. limited preview on Google Books. 参考页面. 
• Nielson, M.W., Viraktamath, C.A. & van der Laan, R. 2018. Case 3582 – Scaris Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 and Scarides (Scaridae) Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 (Insecta, Hemiptera): proposed suppression to remove homonymy of the latter with Scaridi (currently Scaridae) Rafinesque, 1810 (Osteichthyes). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 75: 6–11. 参考页面. 
• Ruschel, T.P., Guidoti, M. & Barcellos, A. 2013: The Hemiptera type-material housed in the “Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul” of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Zootaxa 3716(4): 539–564. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.4.3 参考页面. 
• Sorensen, J.T., Campbell, B.C., Gill, R.J. & Steffen-Campbell, J.D. 1995. Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary and cladistic implications with pre-Heteropteroidea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a proposal for new monophyletic suborders. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 71(1): 31–60. BHL.
• Sunde, R.G. 1973. New records of Aphidoidea (Homoptera) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 5(2): 127–130. DOI: 10.1080/00779962.1973.9722980 参考页面. 
• Yoshizawa, K. & Saigusa, T. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26(1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00133.x .

链接

• Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist
• EoL
• Hemiptera – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

其他语言

Afrikaans: besies
Alemannisch: Schnabelchärfler
aragonés: Hemipteros
беларуская: Клапы
বাংলা: হেমিপটেরা
čeština: polokřídlí
Deutsch: Schnabelkerfe
English: True Bugs
suomi: Nivelkärsäiset
Nordfriisk: Hualewjügeten
français: Hémiptères
日本語: カメムシ目 (半翅目)
한국어: 노린재목 (반시목)
polski: pluskwiaki
português: Hemípteros
slovenščina: Polkrilci
Türkçe: Yarımkanatlılar
中文: 半翅目

For more multimedia, look at Hemiptera on Wikimedia Commons.