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Wikispecies:用語集

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!

  • !: 標本を著者が目撃したことを示しています。
  • †: タクソンが絶滅した、 (タイプ) の標本が破壊された、または出版物が死後出版されたことを示します。

A

  • affinis (often abbreviated aff. or occasionally, affin.) indicates that available material or evidence suggests that the proposed taxon is related to – has an affinity to – but is not identical to, the taxon with the binomial name it comes after. The Latin word affinis can be translated as "closely related to", or "akin to".
  • agg. Aggregate species. A grouping of closely-related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes.
  • allotype A designated paratype of a species (or lower-order taxon) that is the opposite sex of the holotype.
  • auct.; auctt. (Auctorum) A name used in the sense of a number of subsequent authors and not in its (different) sense as established by the original author. It is often used in conjunction with nec or non to indicate a misapplied name.
  • autonym An automatically generated infrageneric or infraspecific name.

B

  • basionym In botany, the first legitimate name ("base name") upon which a name at new rank or a new combination is based, providing the final epithet, name or stem of the new combination or name at new rank. Equivalent to protonym in zoology, and basonym in bacteriology.
  • basonym In bacteriology, the first name used for a taxon. Equivalent to protonym in zoology, and basionym in botany.
  • bis In author abbreviations "bis" denotes the second son of an author. Compare "f." and "filius". For example Schult.f. (Julius Hermann Schultes, 1804–1840) and J.H.Schult.bis (Julius Hermann Schultes, 1820–1887), the first and second sons of Josef August Schultes (1773–1831, Schult.)

C

  • Candidatus In bacterial nomenclature, Candidatus is a component of the taxonomic name for a bacterium that cannot be maintained in a bacteriology culture collection. It is an interim taxonomic status for yet-to-be-cultured organisms. According to the "Ad Hoc Committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology", microbiologists are encouraged to use the Candidatus concept for well characterised but as-yet uncultured organisms. The names included in this category are usually written as: Candidatus (in italics), the subsequent name(s) in Roman type (with an initial capital letter for the genus name) and the entire name in quotation marks. For example, "Candidatus Carsonella", and "Candidatus Carsonella ruddii".
  • cf. (confer). Latin for "compare", marking an uncertain identification or referring to a comparison between sources with differing taxonomic opinions.
  • chresonym Is the cited use of a taxon name, usually a species name, within a publication. There are no assumptions with respect to appropriateness or accuracy in designations cf. synonym.
  • chresonymy Is a summary of the published occurrences of any given scientific name or set of names for a taxon. May contain orthochresonyms and/or heterochresonyms.
  • comb. ined. (combinatio inedita). A combination that appears not to have been validly published or whose publication is uncertain under one or more articles under ICBN. See also nom. ined.
  • comb. inval. (combinatio invalida). ICBN に基づいて有効に公表されていない組み合わせ
  • comb. illeg. (combinatio illegitima). ICBNの1つまたは複数の規則に不適合だが、有効に公表された名称。
  • comb. nov. (combinatio nova). A newly published name (sometimes noted as "combinatio revivisco" or comb. rev. by its author) that is introduced based on a pre-existing name, often the specific epithet is used with another genus name.
  • comb. superfl. (combinatio superflua). Superfluous combination, created with the use of a junior synonym instead of the appropriate basionym.
  • cum descr. (cum descriptione). 説明と共に
  • cv. (cultivated variety). Added before the name of a cultivar in botany, e.g. Ziziphus jujuba cv. 'Spinasa'

E

  • emend. (emendavit) The diagnostic characters or the circumscription of a taxon has been altered ("emended").
  • et al. or & al. (Grammatical genders: et alii [masculine], et aliae [feminine] or et alia [neuter]). Latin for: and others, used to indicate other authors of a published work. Should always be italicized when using as an abbreviation.
  • ex Used to credit the coiner of a name, when said name was never, or invalidly published. Usage differs between botany and zoology:
    • In botany, the "correct" author goes last, same as with combination authors.
    • In zoology, the "correct" author goes first, as it is closest to the name.
  • excl. var. (exclusis varietatibus). This taxonomic concept excludes varieties which other authors have subsequently included.

F

  • fide "on the authority of", or with reference to publication, to a cited published statement
  • filius (often abbreviated f.) In author abbreviations "f." denotes the first son of an author. For example L.f. (Carolus Linnaeus the Younger), the son of L. (Carolus Linnaeus). Compare "bis".
  • floruit (often abbreviated fl. or occasionally, flor.) Latin meaning "he/she flourished", and denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the word may also be used as a noun indicating the time when someone "flourished", e.g. a period in life when an author of taxa was the most active.

G

  • gen. nov. (genus novum). 新しく有効に発表された属

H

  • hemihomonyms 異なる命名規則からタクソンに用いられる同じ名称
  • heterochresonym A chresonym that is applied incorrectly or inappropriately for a given taxon, possibly by misidentification. In botany this term can be more or less equivalent to a later heterotypic homonym. Examples at Wikipedia.
  • heterotypic synonym (taxonomic synonym). A name referring to the same taxon based on a type different from that of another name; often indicated by the symbol “=”; termed a “subjective synonym” in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
  • holotype (holotypus) A single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described.
  • homonym 異なる種類に基づく同じ名称
  • homotypic synonym (nomenclatural synonym). A name based on the same type as that of another name; often indicated by the symbol “≡”; termed an “objective synonym” in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
  • Hort. (Hortulanorum). Used to indicate a name that saw significant use in the horticultural literature (usually of the 19th century and earlier), but was never properly published. (For the author abbreviation Hort (without period), see Fenton John Anthony Hort.)

I

  • ICN or ICNafp International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, formerly known as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), maintained by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT).
  • ICZN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - ICZN
  • in clavi. (in clavis, in clavem). 鍵または用語集の中で
  • in litt. (in litteris). 通信で
  • in obs. (in observatione). 観察によって
  • in sched. (in schedis). ハーバリウムのシートで
  • incertae sedis Of uncertain placement. A term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.
  • ined. (ineditus). 公開されず、検証されていない、暫定名称。
  • isonym 同じ種類の同じ名前で、複数回独立に発表されたもの。
  • isotype In plant taxonomy a plant specimen that is a duplicate of or very similar to the type specimen and can be used as a reference specimen. They are collected at the same time and from the same plant, or localised population of plants, as the holotype. These duplicate specimens are often separated and deposited in several institutions.

J

  • juv. (juvenilis). Individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity, or size.

L

  • lectotype A specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type, in conformity with Art. 9.9 and 9.10 ICN, if no holotype was indicated at the time of publication, or if it is missing, or if it is found to belong to more than one taxon (see also Art. 9.13 ICN).
  • loc. cit. (loco citato). ラテン語で: '言及された場所'

N

  • nec (or non) Warning, that a homonym could be misinterpreted.
  • neotype A specimen or illustration later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed, or where the original author never cited a specimen (Art. 75 ICZN and Art. 9.6, 9.15 ICN).
  • nom. alt. (nomen alternativum). A name of a family that is treated as validly published due to long usage (Art. 18 ICN).
  • nom. ambig. (nomen ambiguum). An ambiguous name, name commonly used by mistake for more than one taxon. Often impossible to typify.
  • nom. cons. (nomen conservandum)
    1. A name of a family, genus or species [or infraspecies] ruled as legitimate and with precedence over other specified names even though it may have been illegitimate when published or lack priority (Art. 14.1-14.7 ICN).
    2. A name for which its type, orthography, or gender has been fixed by the conservation process (Art. 14.1, 14.9-14.11 ICN).
  • nom. cons. prop. (nomen conservandum propositum). 提案された保留名
  • nom. dub. (nomen dubium, plural: nomina dubia). 適用が難しいか不可能かという疑わしい名前です
  • nom. et orth. cons. (nomen et orthographia conservanda). 名前と綴り式の変形の両方が保存されている(Art. 14.1, 14.9-14.11 ICN) 。
  • nom. et typ. cons. (nomen et typus conservandum). Both name and type of a family, genus or species [or infraspecies] ruled as legitimate and with precedence over other specified names even though they may have been illegitimate when published or lack priority (Art. 14.1-14.7 ICN).
  • nom. illeg. (nomen illegitimum). A validly published name that is not in accordance with one or more rules (Art. 6.4 ICN), principally those on superfluity (Art. 52 ICN) and homonymy (Art. 53 and 54 ICN).
  • nom. illeg. hom. (nomen illegitimum homonymum). A validly published name that is not in accordance with the one or more of the rules on homonymy (Art. 53 and 54 ICN). A later or junior homonym.
  • nom. illeg. superfl. (nomen illegitimum superfluum). A validly published name that is not in accordance with the rule of superfluity (Art. 52 ICN). See also nom. superfl.
  • nom. inadmiss. (nomen inadmissibile). 種類の違法な改名
  • nom. ined. (nomen ineditum). ICN29-50条の条件に従って適切に公表されていないように見える名称
  • nom. inval. (nomen invalidum). ICN29-45条またはH.9 ICN (ICN6.2条) に基づいて有効に公表されていない名称。
  • nom. nov. (nomen novum, replacement name, avowed substitute). A nomen novum (new name) is a replacement name based on a legitimate or illegitimate, previously published name. The previous name is its replaced synonym and, when legitimate, does not provide the final epithet, name, or stem of the replacement name. New names are created in order to avoid homonymy or creation of tautonyms. (Art. 6.11 ICN).
  • nom. nud. (nomen nudum). A "naked name". A name of a new taxon published without a description or diagnosis, nor with reference to a description or diagnosis (Art. 50B.1 ICN).
  • nom. obl. (nomen oblitum, plural: nomina oblita). Latin for "forgotten name". In zoological nomenclature, a nomen oblitum is a disused scientific name which has been declared to be obsolete (figuratively "forgotten") in favour of another "protected" name; a nomen protectum.
  • nom. praeocc. (nomen praeoccupatum). 先に占有された名前。つまり、別のタクソンについて既に使用されている。
  • nom. prot. (nomen protectum). Latin for "protected name". In zoological nomenclature, a nomen protectum is declared to be protected, against a nomen oblitum.
  • nom. prov. または nom. provis. (nomen provisorium). 暫定名
  • nom. rej. (nomen rejiciendum). Art. 14 ICNまたはArt. 56 ICN (App. II, III, IV, and V)によって拒否された名称。
  • nom. rej. prop. (nomen rejiciendum propositum). 提案された拒否名
  • nom. seminud. (nomen seminudum). 説明がほとんどないので 名前かどうか疑わしい
  • nom. subnud. (nomen subnudum). 疑わしい診断や記述で 公開され 名前かどうか疑われる
  • nom. superfl. (nomen superfluum). 余計な名前;通常、出版時に正しい名前または基本名が言及された場合、不正な名前に使用されます。
  • nom. supp. (nomen suppressum). 秘匿された名前;ICZNの意見または対応する規定によって秘匿された名前
  • nom. utique rej. prop. (nomen utique rejiciendum propositum). ICBN (Art. 56.1)の拒否に基づいて提案された名前、不利な改名を引き起こすため
  • non design. (non designatus). 未定
  • non vidi (n. v.). Not seen. Usually refers to a protologue or description of a taxon that is difficult to locate and hence verify. In the literature refers to a specimen, usually a type, that the author couldn't physically examine.

O

  • op. cit. (opus citatum/opere citato). Refers to a publication previously cited or a cited work.
  • opus utiq. oppr./opera utiq. oppr. (Opus utique oppressum/Opera utique oppressa). Works, ruled as suppressed. In these names, in specified ranks, are not validly published. "Opus" is singular, "opera" is plural.
  • opus utiq. rej./opera utiq. rej. (Opus utique rejectum/Opera utique rejectum). Works, ruled as rejected. In these names, in specified ranks, are not validly published. "Opus" is singular, "opera" is plural.
  • orth. cons. (orthographia conservanda). 保存された綴りの変形
  • orth. emend. (orthographia emendata). ICBNの要求に従って修正された綴り
  • orth. err. ICBNの要求に従って修正できる綴り誤り
  • orth. var. 綴りの変形
  • orthochresonymA chresonym appropriately used to designate a taxon according to the relevant Acts, but the name is not accepted, or has become superfluous. Examples at Wikipedia.
  • ordo. nov. (ordo novus). 新しく発行または提案された新作の順序

P

  • parahomonyms Under ICN, names that are similar enough that they are likely to be confused, are also considered to be homonymous (Art. 53.3). For the zoological code has a set of spelling variations (Art. 58) that are considered to be identical.
  • paralectotype In botany a specimen prior to lectotypification included among the syntypes, other than the chosen lectotype and isolectotypes. Duplicates are isoparalectotype(s). Not covered by ICN.
  • paratype In both zoology and botany it is a specimen of an organism that helps define what the scientific name of a taxon actually represents. However, it is not the holotype and in botany it is also neither an isotype nor a syntype. Also, see allotype.
  • p.p. or pro parte "In part", regarding synonyms caused by subdivided taxa and circumscriptional changes.
  • preocc. ([nomen] praeoccupatum). 先に占有された名前。つまり、別のタクソンについて既に使用されている。
  • pro gen. (pro genus). 属として
  • pro hybr. or pro hybrid. (pro hybrido). 混合物として
  • pro sp. (pro specie). 種として
  • pro syn. (pro synonymo). シノニムとして
  • protologue first valid description: formal description of a newly discovered taxon, usually in the form of a scientific paper
  • protonym In zoology, the first name used for a taxon. Equivalent to basionym in botany, and basonym in bacteriology.
  • pv. (pathovar). Added before the name of a pathovar — a bacterial strain or set of strains with the same or similar characteristics — in bacteriology, e.g. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri.

Q

  • quoad typum With respect or pertaining to the type of a taxon. Commonly found in association with p.p. or pro parte, as p.p. quoad typum or p.p. (quoad typum).

R

  • rank 次が植物学における分類階級です。
    • -obiotina = 亜界
    • -ophytanae = 上門
    • -ophyta = 門
    • -ophytina = 亜門
    • -opsida = 綱
    • -idea = 亜綱
    • -anae = 上目
    • -ales = 目
    • -ineae = 亜目
    • -ariae = 上科
    • -aceae = 科
    • -indae = 上亜科
    • -oideae = 亜科
    • -odae = 上連
    • -eae = 連
    • -odinae = 上亜連
    • -inae = 亜連
  • replaced synonym The previously published, legitimate or illegitimate name on which a replacement name (nomen novum) is based. When legitimate, the replaced synonym does not provide the final epithet, name, or stem of the replacement name.

S

  • sanctioned name In botany, a name defined under the Code (Art. F.3) as used in certain works by Persoon and Fries. These names are treated as though conserved against earlier homonyms and synonyms, but can still be conserved, rejected or protected in their own right. The earlier names are also not considered illegitimate.
  • sensu auct. (sensu auctorum). As used by the cited author, but specifically excluding the original meaning.
  • serotype or serovar A distinct infraspecific variation within a species of bacteria or virus.
  • s.c. (sine collector). 収集者の名前がない
  • s.d. (sine data). 日付が付けられていない
  • s.l..
    • sensu lato 広義
    • sine loco 標本の採集場所がない
  • s.n. (sine numero).収集者番号がない
  • s.s., s.str. (sensu stricto). 狭い意味で
  • sine dign. defin. (sine dignitate definita). ランク付けされていないタクソン
  • sine descr. (sine descriptione). 命名書に記述がない
  • species inquirenda 疑わしいアイデンティティを持つ種は、さらなる調査が必要である。
  • sphalm. (sphalmate). 間違いによって
  • supra [see "vide supra"]
  • syn. or synonym A scientific name that applies to a taxon that now goes by a different scientific name. Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a different species, etc. A synonym is always the synonym of a different scientific name and cannot exist in isolation. One taxon may have several synonyms, but can only have one valid scientific name. An example of this is the domestic dog. It was originally described as Canis aegyptius. Some years later it was redescribed as Canis minor (and several other names), and today it is named Canis lupus familiaris. Hence both Canis aegyptius and Canis minor are synonyms of the now valid scientific name Canis lupus familiaris – but they all apply to the same taxon.
  • Syntype In botany, any specimen cited in the protologue when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types (Art. 9.5 ICN). In zoology, each specimen of a type series (q.v.) from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated [Arts. 72.1.2, 73.2, 74 ICZN]. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type.

T

  • t., tab., tabula Plate, used in bibliography to refer to a numbered illustration. That illustration may be used as a division (some work have unnumbered pages matched to numbered plates) or constitute in and of itself valid publication of a name (under ICZN article 12.2.7 or ICNafp article 38.7).
  • tautonym A tautonym is a scientific name of a species in which both parts of the name have the same spelling, as Pica pica. It is permissible in zoological nomenclature but prohibited in botanical taxonomy.
  • tax. nov. (taxon novum). 新しいタクソン
  • t.b.c. 要確認
  • topotype 種類の場所からの標本
  • typ. cons. (typus conservandus). 保存された種類
  • typus or type A particular specimen (or in rare cases a group of specimens) to which the scientific name is formally attached. The type is an example that serves to anchor a particular scientific name in a particular taxon.
  • Type genus genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed. The type genus is not necessarily the most representative, but is usually the earliest described, largest or best known. In botany type genus has no formal standing, but this is not the case in zoology.
  • Type locality The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found.
  • Type species Each genus must have a designated type species with which it is permanently associated. In botany type species has no formal standing, but this is not the case in zoology.

U

  • Unplaced name Names that currently cannot be accepted, nor can they be put into a synonymy. This may be because the name is not validly published, or it is a later homonym and therefore illegitimate or because it is a species whose genus name is not accepted. See also comb. ined. and nom. ined.

V

  • varietas (var., plural form varietates) "品種"とは、種や亜種よりも低い、しかし形よりも高い分類階級である。
  • vide"見よ"または"参照"は、学術的な引用で使用されます。
    • vide infra (v. i.) "以下を参照してください"は学術作品で使用されています。
    • vide supra (v. s.) "上を見よ"は通常学術論文で使用されます
  • videlicet (viz) contraction of "videre licet" ("one may see", "it is permitted to see") and sometimes used instead of vide infra.


関連項目

脚注

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