Synostemon

Synostemon arenosus

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Malpighiales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Rosids Cladus: Eurosids I Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamilia: Phyllanthoideae
Tribus: Phyllantheae
Genus: Synostemon
Species: S. anemoniflorus – S. aphyllus – S. arenosus – S. cowiei – S. dunlopii – S. filicinus – S. gracilis – S. hamersleyensis – S. hirtellus – S. hubbardii – S. inaequisepalus – S. judithae – S. kakadu – S. nitmiluk – S. paucifolius – S. pinifolius – S. rimophilus – S. salignus – S. sphenophyllus – S. spinosus – S. umbrosus

Source(s) of checklist:
Govaerts, R. et al. 2025. Synostemon in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2025 April 28. Reference page.

Name

Synostemon F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 1(2): 32. (1858)

• Type species: Synostemon ramosissimus F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 33. (1858)

Synonyms

• Homotypic
  • Glochidion sect. Synostemon F.Muell. Pax, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 3(5): 24. (1893)
  • Sauropus sect. Synostemon F.Muell. P.T.Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25(2): 137. (1987)

Distribution

Native distribution areas:

Continental: Asia-tropical Regional:Indian subcontinent Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka Regional:Southeastern Asia Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam Regional: China China Southeast, Hainan, South China Sea, Taiwan Continental: Africa Regional:Mascareñas Maldives, Mauritius, Réunion Continental: Australasia Regional:Papuasia New Guinea Regional:Australia New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Primary references

• Mueller, F.v. 1858–1859. Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 1. 252 pp. J. Ferres, Melbourne. BHL Reference page. : 32.

Additional references

• Bouman, R.W., Kebler, P.J., Telford, I.R., Bruhl, J.J., Strijk, J.S., Saunders, R.M., Esser, H.J., Falcon-Hidalgo, B. & Van Welzen, P.C., 2022. A revised phylogenetic classification of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae). Phytotaxa 540(1): 1-100.DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.540.1.1 ResearchGate Reference page. 
• van Welzen, P.C., Pruesapan, K., Telford, I.R.H., Esser, H.-J. & Bruhl, J.J. (2014). Phylogenetic reconstruction prompts taxonomic changes in Sauropus, Synostemon and Breynia (Phyllanthaceae tribe Phyllantheae). Blumea 59: 77-94.
• Telford, I.R., Pruesapan, K., van Welzen, P.C. & Bruhl, J.J. 2014. Molecular data consistently recover a ‘Queensland clade’ of Synostemon (Phyllanthaceae, Phyllantheae) with distinctive floral morphology. Australian Systematic Botany 27(6): 450-461. DOI: 10.1071/SB14034 ResearchGate Reference page. 
• Telford, I.R., Pruesapan, K., van Welzen, P.C. & Bruhl, J.J. 2016. Morphological and molecular data show Synostemon trachyspermus (Phyllanthaceae, Phyllantheae) to be a heterogeneous species assemblage. Australian Systematic Botany 29(3): 218–234. DOI: 10.1071/SB16008 Reference page. 
• Telford, I.R., Pruesapan, K., van Welzen, P.C. & Bruhl, J.J. 2019. Morphological and molecular data show an enlarged tropical Australian radiation in Synostemon (Phyllanthaceae, Phyllantheae) previously concealed by heteromorphic species concepts. Australian Systematic Botany 32(2-3): 146-176. DOI: 10.1071/SB18029 ResearchGate Reference page. 

Links

• Govaerts, R. et al. 2023. Synostemon in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2023 July 7. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2023. Synostemon. Published online. Accessed: Apr. 4 2023. Reference page.
• Tropicos.org 2023. Synostemon. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 4 Apr. 2023. Reference page.