Radiolaria

Name

Radiolaria

Radiolaria Müller, 1858

Synonyms:

• sensu lato: Phaeodaria plus Radiozoa
• sensu stricto: Radiozoa

References

• Anderson, O.R., 1983. Radiolaria. Springer-Verlag. Springer, New York, 365 pp.
• Boltovskoy, D.; Anderson, O.R.; Correa, N.M. (2017). Radiolaria and Phaeodaria. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-33. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2
• Haeckel, E., 1860a. Über neue, lebende Radiolarien des Mittelmeeres und legte die dazu gehörigen Abbildungen. Monat. Königl. Preuß. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860: 794–817.
• Haeckel, E., 1860b. Fernere Abbildungen und Diagnosen neuer Gattungen und Arten von lebenden Radiolarien des Mittelmeeres. Monat. Königl. Preuß. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860: 835–845.
• Haeckel, E., 1862-1888. Die Radiolarien. (Rhizopoda Radiaria.) Eine Monographie. Georg Reimer, Berlin
  • 1. Theil (Text). 1862.
  • 1. Theil (Tafeln). Atlas von fünf und dreissig Kupfertafeln. 1862.
  • 2. Theil. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Naturgeschichte der Radiolarien. Mit 64 Tafeln. 1887.
  • 3. Theil. Die Acantharien oder Actipyleen Radiolarien. Mit 12 Tafeln. 1888.
  • 4. Theil. Die Phaeodarien oder Cannopyleen Radiolarien. Mit 30 Tafeln. 1888.
• Haeckel, E. 1882. Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. Jenaische Zeitschrift Naturwissenschaft, 15(8): 418–472. BHL Reference page. 
• Haeckel, E., 1884. Über die Ordnungen der Radiolarien. Sitz. Jena. Gesell. Med. Naturwiss., 1883: 18–36.

• Haeckel, E. 1887. Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Reports of Science Research Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology Vol. XVIII, Pl. 74, figs. 13, 14. Reference page. 
• Suzuki, N. & Y. Aita (2011). Achievement and unsolved issues on radiolarian studies: taxonomy and cytology. Plankton & Benthos Research. 6(2): 69–91.

Links

• http://www.radiolaria.org/

Vernacular names

беларуская: Прамянёвікі
български: Радиоларии
català: Radiolari
čeština: mřížovci, radiolárie
српски / srpski: Радиоларије
Deutsch: Strahlentierchen
English: radiolarians
español: Radiolario
Esperanto: Radiulo
euskara: Erradiolario
فارسی: شعاعیان
français: Radiolaria
italiano: Radiolari
Latina: Radiolaria
Nederlands: Stralendiertjes
日本語: 放散虫
Plattdüütsch: Radiolaria
polski: Promienice
português: Radiolaria
русский: Радиолярии
svenska: Radiolarier
Türkçe: Işınlılar
українська: Радіолярії
中文: 放射蟲

Alternative classifications

Müller (1858)

From Müller, J. (1858). Über die Thalassicollen, Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.

Rhizopoda

• Rhizopoda radiaria s. radiolaria
  • Radiolaria solitaria
    • Thalassicollae
    • Polycystina
    • Acanthometrae
  • Radiolaria polyzoa
    • Sphaerozoum
    • Collosphaera

Haeckel (1862)

From Haeckel, E. (1862). Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda radiaria): eine Monographie. Vol. 1. Reimer, Berlin.

Radiolaria

• Monozoa (Radiolaria solitaria, Monocyttaria)
• Polyzoa (Radiolaria socialis, Polycyttaria)

Bütschli (1880–1889)

From Bütschli, O. (1880–1889). Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa, 1880-82 [1]. Abt. III, Infusoria und System der Radiolaria, 1887-89 [2]. C.F. Winter, Leipzig.

Phylum Protozoa

• Class Sarkodina
  • Subclass Rhizopoda
  • Subclass Heliozoa
  • Subclass Radiolaria

Haeckel (1887)

From Haeckel, E. (1887). Report on the radiolarian collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. In: Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 . Zoology, Vol. 18, pt. 1, pt. 2, plates.

Radiolaria

• Porulosa or Holotrypasta
  • Peripylea or Spumellaria
  • Actipylea or Acantharia
• Osculosa or Merotrypasta
  • Monopylea or Nassellaria
  • Cannopylea or Phaeodaria

Campbell (1954)

Campbell, A. S. Radiolaria. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part D Protista 3 (Chiefly Radiolarians And Tintinnines), 1954, [3].

Protista

• Subphylum Sarcodina
  • Class Actinopoda Calkins, 1909
    • Subclass Radiolaria Müller, 1858
      • Order Porulosida Haeckel, 1887
        • Suborder Acantharina Haeckel, 1862
          • Division Astrolophi Campbell, nov
            • Superfamily Astrolophicae Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Actinastricae Popofsky, 1904
            • Superfamily Astrolonchicae Haeckel, 1882
          • Division Acanthophracti Hertwig, 1879
            • Superfamily Dorataspidicae Haeckel, 1862
            • Superfamily Belonaspidicae Haeckel, 1887
        • Suborder Spumellina Ehrenberg, 1875
          • Division Collodari Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Thalassicolicae Haeckel, 1862
            • Superfamily Thalassosphaericae Haeckel, 1862
            • Superfamily Orosphaericae Haeckel, 1887
          • Division Sphaerellari Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Liosphaericae Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Ellipsidiicae Haeckel, 1887
            • Superfamily Cenodiscicae Haeckel, 1887
              • Subsuperfamily Cenodiscilae Haeckel, 1887
              • Subsuperfamily Euchitoniilae Haeckel, 1887
            • Superfamily Laracariicae Haeckel, 1887
      • Order Osculosida Haeckel, 1887
        • Suborder Nassellina Ehrenberg, 1875
          • Division Plectellari Haeckel, 1887
            • Superfamily Cystidiicae Haeckel, 1883
            • Superfamily Plagoniicae Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Stephaniicae Haeckel, 1887
          • Division Cyrtellari Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Triospyridicae Haeckel, 1882
            • Superfamily Archipiliicae Haeckel, 1882
              • Subsuperfamily Archipiliilae Haeckel, 1882
              • Subsuperfamily Sethopiliilae Haeckel, 1882
              • Subsuperfamily Theopiliilae Haeckel, 1882
              • Subsuperfamily Triacartilae Campbell, nom. nov.
            • Superfamily Cannobotrydicae Haeckel, 1882
        • Suborder Phaeodarina Haeckel, 1879
          • Superfamily Phaeodinicae Haeckel, 1879
          • Superfamily Aulosphaericae Haeckel, 1862
          • Superfamily Challengeriicae Murray, 1876
          • Superfamily Conchariicae Haeckel, 1879
          • Superfamily Coelodendricae Haeckel, 1862

Kudo (1954)

Protozoology, 4th ed., [4].

• Phylum Protozoa Goldfuss
  • Subphylum 1 Plasmodroma Doflein
    • Class 2 Sarcodina Hertwig and Lesser
      • Subclass 1 Rhizopoda Siebold
      • Subclass 2 Actinopoda Calkins
        • Order 2 Radiolaria Müller
          • Suborder 1 Actipylea Hertwig
            • Family 1 Actineliidae
              • Genus Actinelius
            • Family 2 Acanthociasmidae
              • Genus Acanthociasma
            • Family 3 Acanthometridae
              • Genus Acanthometron
            • Family 4 Acanthoniidae
              • Genus Acanthonia
            • Family 5 Amphilonchidae
              • Genus Amphilonche
            • Family 6 Sphaerocapsidae
              • Genus Sphaerocapsa
            • Family 7 Diploconidae
              • Genus Diploconus
            • Family 8 Hexalaspidae
              • Genus Hexaconus
          • Suborder 2 Peripylea Hertwig
            • Family 1 Physematiidae
              • Genus Lampoxanthium
            • Family 2 Thalassicollidae
              • Genus Thalassicolla
            • Family 3 Thalassophysidae
              • Genus Thalassophysa
            • Family 4 Thalassothamnidae
              • Genus Thalassothamnus
            • Family 5 Orosphaeridae
              • Genus Orosphaera
            • Family 6 Sphaeroidae
              • Genus Hexacontium
            • Family 7 Prunoidae
              • Genus Pipetta
            • Family 8 Discoidae
              • Genus Staurocyclia
            • Family 9 Larcoidae
              • Genus Cenolarus
            • Family 10 Sphaerozoidae
              • Genus Sphaerozoum
            • Family 11 Collosphaeridae
              • Genus Collosphaera
          • Suborder 3 Monopylea Hertwig
            • Family 1 Nassoidae
              • Genus Cystidium
            • Family 2 Plectoidae
              • Genus Triplagia
            • Family 3 Stephoidae
              • Genus Lithocircus
            • Family 4 Cyrtoidae
              • Genus Dictyophimus
            • Family 5 Botryoidae
              • Genus Phormobothrys
          • Suborder 4 Triplylea Hertwig
            • Family 1 Aulacanthidae
              • Genus Aulacantha
            • Family 2 Caementellidae
              • Genus Caementella
            • Family 3 Sagosphaeridae
              • Genus Sagenoscene
            • Family 4 Aulosphaeridae
              • Genus Aulosphaera
            • Family 5 Cannosphaeridae
              • Genus Cannosphaera
            • Family 6 Challengeridae
              • Genus Challengeron
            • Family 7 Medusettidae
              • Genus Medusetta
            • Family 8 Castanellidae
              • Genus Castanidium
            • Family 9 Circoporidae
              • Genus Circoporus
            • Family 10 Tuscaroridae
              • Genus Tuscarora
            • Family 11 Coelodendridae
              • Genus Coelodendrum

Honigberg et al. (1964)

In Class Actinopodea
Subclass Radiolaria

• Order Porulosida
• Order Occlusida

Anderson (1983)

Anderson, O. R. (1983). Radiolaria. Springer-Verlag, New York, [5].

Actinopoda

• Acantharia (Acantharea)
• Heliozoa (Heliozoea)
• "radiolarians"
  • Polycystina (Polycystinea)
    • Spumellaria (Spumellarida)
    • Nassellaria (Nassellarida)
  • Phaeodaria (Phaeodarea)

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla

In Phylum Radiozoa
Subphylum Radiolaria Müller 1858 emend. stat. nov.

• Class Polycystinea
• Class Phaeodarea

De Wever et al. (2001)

De Wever, P., Dumitrica, P., Caulet, J.P., Nigrini, C., Caridroit, M., 2001. Radiolarians in the Sedimentary Record. Taylor & Francis, [6], [7].

• Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) [p. xxi]
  • Subkindom Protozoa
    • Phylum Sarcomastigophora
      • Subphylum Sarcodina
        • Superclass Actinopodea (informal name: actinopods; traditional name: radiolarians, heliozoans)
          • Class Polycystina (informal name: polycystines; traditional name: radiolarians)
          • Class Phaeodaria (informal name: phaeodarians; traditional name: radiolarians)
          • Class Heliozoa (informal name: heliozoans; traditional name: sun animalcules)
          • Class Acantharia (informal name: acantharians; traditional name: sun animalcules)

• Class Actinopoda [p. 54]
  • Subclass Radiolaria Müller 1858
    • Superorder Polycystina Ehrenberg 1838, emend. Riedel, 1967
      • Order †Archaeospicularia
      • Order †Albaillellaria
      • Order †Latentifistularia
      • Order Spumellaria
      • Order Collodaria
      • Order †Entactinaria
      • Order Nassellaria

Cavalier-Smith (2002)

From The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa

In Phylum Retaria
Radiolaria

Nikolaev et al. (2005)

From The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes, [8].

Eukaryota

• Bikonta
  • Rhizaria
    • core Cercozoa
      • Phaeodarea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Desmothoracida ["Heliozoa"]
      • other core Cercozoa
    • Phytomyxea
    • Haplosporidia
    • Foraminifera
    • Gromiidae
    • [unnamed] [= Radiolaria sensu Adl et al., 2005]
      • Acantharea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Taxopodida ["Heliozoa"]
      • Polycystinea ["Radiolaria"]
  • Stramenopiles
    • Actinophryida ["Heliozoa"]
  • Centrohelida ["Heliozoa"]

Adl et al. (2005)

From Adl, S.M. et al. (2005). The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology. Vol. 52, no. 5, p. 399-451.

Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith 2002

• Radiolaria Müller 1858 emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Polycystinea Ehrenberg 1838emend. Haeckel 1887
  • Sticholonche Hertwig 1877 (Taxopodida Fol 1883)
  • Acantharia Haeckel 1881 emend. Mikrjukov 2000

Pugachev et al. (2011)

From Protista 3.

Protists (Eukaryota)

• Rhizaria
  • Polycystina Ehrenberg, 1838 ("radiolarians") (3)
  • Acantharia Müller, 1885 ("radiolarians") (3)
  • [etc.]
  • Cercozoa
    • Phaeodaria Haeckel, 1879 ("radiolarians") (3)
    • [etc.]

For more multimedia, look at Radiolaria on Wikimedia Commons. (en) – (Please translate this into azərbaycanca.)