Malus domestica

Malus domestica

Taxonavigation

Taxonavigation: Rosales
Classification System: APG IV Superregnum: Eukaryota Cladus: Diaphoretickes Cladus: CAM Cladus: Archaeplastida Regnum: Plantae Cladus: Angiosperms Cladus: Eudicots Cladus: Core eudicots Cladus: Rosids Cladus: Eurosids I Ordo: Rosales

Familia: Rosaceae
Subfamilia: Amygdaloideae
Tribus: Maleae
Subtribus: Malinae
Genus: Malus
Sectio: M. sect. Malus
Species: Malus domestica

Name

Malus domestica Borkh., Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1272 (1803), nom. cons.

Synonyms

• Homotypic
  • Malus communis var. domestica (Suckow) Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
  • Malus × dasyphylla var. domestica (Suckow) Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934)
  • Malus pumila var. domestica (Suckow) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906)
  • Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Suckow) Mansf. in Kulturpflanze, Beih. 2: 132 (1959)
  • Pyrus malus proles domestica (Suckow) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus var. domestica Suckow in Anfangsgr. Bot. 2(1): 332 (1786)
  • Pyrus pumila var. domestica (Suckow) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906)
• Heterotypic
  • Malus anetica Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 11 (1808)
  • Malus anetica rubra Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 11 (1808)
  • Malus anisophylla Sumnev. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 29 (1948)
  • Malus apetala Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 46 (1846)
  • Malus astracanica Dum.Cours. in Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 5: 426 (1811)
  • Malus batavica Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 44 (1846)
  • Malus calvilla Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 21-22 (1846)
  • Malus calvilla alba Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 21 (1846)
  • Malus calvilla rubra Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 22 (1846)
  • Malus caspiriensis Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 181 (1991)
  • Malus chitralensis Vassilcz. in Fl. Iranica 66: 38 (1969)
  • Malus columbella Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 25 (1829)
  • Malus columbella alba Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 26 (1829)
  • Malus communis Desf. in Fl. Atlant. 1: 398 (1798), nom. rej.
  • Malus communis var. api Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 281 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. austera (Wallr.) Wenz. in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
  • Malus communis var. chinensis Wenz. in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
  • Malus communis var. coccinea Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 283 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. corallina Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 287 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. coronata Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. depressa Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 288 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. fasciata Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 288 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. gellida Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 277 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. joannis Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 275 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. loiseleurii Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 286 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. mitis Wenz. in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
  • Malus communis subsp. mitis (Wenz.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 396 (1893)
  • Malus communis f. mitis (Wenz.) Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
  • Malus communis var. nigra Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 396 (1893)
  • Malus communis var. oblonga Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 287 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. paradisiaca (L.) Wenz. in Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
  • Malus communis subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 395 (1893)
  • Malus communis var. ponderosa Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. provincialis Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 295 (1826)
  • Malus communis subsp. pumila (Mill.) Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
  • Malus communis var. pumila (Mill.) Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 276 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. reneta Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 280 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. rosea Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 284 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. sabulosa Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. sativa DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., éd. 3. 3: 429 (1805)
  • Malus communis var. siccifolia Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 293 (1826)
  • Malus communis var. sieversii (Ledeb.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 396 (1893)
  • Malus communis var. tomentosa Coss. & Germ. in Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris: 186 (1845)
  • Malus communis var. typica Beck in Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 716 (1892), not validly publ.
  • Malus communis var. vetan Risso in Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 289 (1826)
  • Malus cylindracea A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883)
  • Malus × dasyphylla var. chinensis (Wenz.) Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934)
  • Malus × dasyphylla f. dioeca Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 185 (1903)
  • Malus × dasyphylla f. flore-plena Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 186 (1903), nom. nud.
  • Malus × dasyphylla var. gellidus (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 154 (1997)
  • Malus × dasyphylla f. pendula (R.Möller) Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 186 (1903)
  • Malus × dasyphylla var. reneta (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 150 (1997)
  • Malus dioica (Moench) Medik. in Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793)
  • Malus dolichomorpha Juz. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 9: 366 (1939)
  • Malus domestica var. api (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 139 (1997)
  • Malus domestica var. calvillea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
  • Malus domestica subsp. caucasica Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 21 (1972)
  • Malus domestica var. coccineus (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 144 (1997)
  • Malus domestica subsp. hybrida Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 16 (1972)
  • Malus domestica subsp. intermedia Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 10 (1972)
  • Malus domestica subsp. italotaurica Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 20 (1972)
  • Malus domestica subsp. macrocarpa Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 15 (1972)
  • Malus domestica subsp. medioasiatica Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 22 (1972)
  • Malus domestica subsp. occidentalieuropaea Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 19 (1972)
  • Malus domestica var. paradisiaca (L.) Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974)
  • Malus domestica var. parmaenea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
  • Malus domestica var. ponderosus (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 145 (1997)
  • Malus domestica var. praecox (Mill.) Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974)
  • Malus domestica subsp. pumila (Mill.) Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 69 (1983)
  • Malus domestica var. renettea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 64 (1983)
  • Malus domestica var. roseus (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 141 (1997)
  • Malus domestica subsp. rossica Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 12 (1972)
  • Malus dulcissima var. subsessilis (C.K.Schneid.) Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 190 (1934)
  • Malus fontanesiana Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 2: 150 (1834)
  • Malus frutescens Medik. in Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793), nom. rej.
  • Malus glabra A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 432 (1882 publ. 1883)
  • Malus heterophylla Sumnev. in Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana: 52 (1942), without a Latin descr.
  • Malus hissarica Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 158 (1950)
  • Malus hissarica var. heterogena Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 161 (1950)
  • Malus hissarica var. mironovii Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 163 (1950)
  • Malus hissarica var. variegata Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 164 (1950)
  • Malus jarmolenkoi Poljakov in Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapov. 7: 154 (1948)
  • Malus juzepczukii Vassilcz. in Proc. First All-Union Meet. Bot. Sel. 1: ? (1952)
  • Malus kudrjaschevii Sumnev. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 31 (1948)
  • Malus linczevskii Poljakov in Bjull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 6: 55 (1950)
  • Malus livida A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 430 (1882 publ. 1883)
  • Malus malus (L.) Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 275 (1894), not validly publ.
  • Malus medwietzkyana Dieck ex E.Goeze in Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 9: 461 (1891), orth. var.
  • Malus montalivetia Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 54 (1846)
  • Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck in Neuheiten-Off. Natl.-Arbor. Zöschen 1891: 16 (1891)
  • Malus paradisiaca (L.) Medik. in Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793), nom. superfl., nom. rej.
  • Malus paradisiaca var. pumila Koehne in Deut. Dendrol.: 259 (1893)
  • Malus paradisiaca var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch ex Koehne in Deut. Dendrol.: 259 (1893), nom. illeg.
  • Malus passipoma Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 29 (1846)
  • Malus passipoma alba Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 30 (1826)
  • Malus persicifolia (Popov) Sumnev. in Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana: 51 (1942)
  • Malus persicifolia var. popovii Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 283 (1955)
  • Malus praecox Borkh. in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1271 (1803), nom. superfl.
  • Malus praecox var. paradisiaca (L.) Vǎlev in Fl. Narodna Republ. Bulg. 5: 347 (1973)
  • Malus praecox f. pyramidale V.V.Byalt & Firsov in Hortus Botanicus 13: 159 (2018)
  • Malus prasomila (L.) Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 39-40 (1846)
  • Malus prasomila augustiana Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 37 (1826)
  • Malus prasomila var. lutea-praecox Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 39 (1846)
  • Malus prasomila var. lutea-serotina Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 40 (1846)
  • Malus pumila Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: Malus n.° 3 (1768), nom. rej.
  • Malus pumila f. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
  • Malus pumila var. joannis (Risso) D.Rivera in Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 157 (1997)
  • Malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
  • Malus pumila var. paradisiaca (L.) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906)
  • Malus pumila f. pendula (R.Möller) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
  • Malus pumila var. persicifolia Popov in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 432 (1929)
  • Malus pumila var. plena Bean in Hand-List Trees Shrubs, ed. 4: 181 (1934), nom. nud.
  • Malus pumila f. plena (Weston) Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 269 (1949)
  • Malus pumila subsp. praecox Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: [s.p.] (1768)
  • Malus pumila var. praecox (Nyman) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906), not validly publ.
  • Malus pumila var. subsessilis C.K.Schneid. in Bot. Gaz. 63: 400 (1917)
  • Malus pumila f. translucens (Hartwig) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
  • Malus rambura Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 51 (1846)
  • Malus rambura aestivalis Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 51 (1846)
  • Malus santonum A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 428 (1882 publ. 1883)
  • Malus schischkinii Poljakov in Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapov. 7: 154 (1949)
  • Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. in Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 216 (1847)
  • Malus sieversii var. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii f. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 172 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis (Langenf.) Ponomar. in Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 8 (1992)
  • Malus sieversii f. cerea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. chitralensis (Vassilcz.) Ponomar. in Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 7 (1992)
  • Malus sieversii var. dilatata Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
  • Malus sieversii f. dragavzevii Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii var. dulcis Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
  • Malus sieversii f. flava Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. flavorosea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. flavorubens Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. gilva Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. hemisphaerica Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
  • Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 172 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
  • Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61: 998 (1976)
  • Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Likhonos in Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 24 (1974)
  • Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf. in Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
  • Malus sieversii f. insipida Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. jarmolenkoi (Poljakov) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii f. jarmolenkoi (Poljakov) Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii var. juzepczukii (Vassilcz.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Langenf. in Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
  • Malus sieversii f. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 172 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii f. laetevirida Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 172 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii var. linczevskii (Poljakov) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii var. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf. in Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
  • Malus sieversii var. longicarpa Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii f. longicarpa (Bykov) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 172 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii f. media Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 171 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. in Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
  • Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. pamiralaica Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
  • Malus sieversii f. pavlovii Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii var. persicifolia (Popov) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii f. poljakovii Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii f. pomacea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. reflexa Zaprjagaeva in Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 4: 342 (1975)
  • Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. schischkinii (Poljakov) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii f. schischkinii (Poljakov) Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii var. spherocarpa Bykov in Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
  • Malus sieversii f. spherocarpa (Bykov) Langenf. in Yablonya: Morfol. Evol., Filog., Geogr., Sist.: 172 (1991)
  • Malus sieversii f. suffusa Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. tianschanica (Sumnev.) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
  • Malus sieversii f. viridicerea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. viridirubra Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. viridis Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii f. viridula Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
  • Malus sieversii var. vvedenskyi Kudr. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
  • Malus sieversii f. xanthella Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya in Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
  • Malus spumosa Poit. & Turpin in Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 9 (1846)
  • Malus sylvestris var. frutescens Münchh. in Hausvater 5: 247 (1770)
  • Malus sylvestris var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) L.H.Bailey in Hortus Sec.: 457 (1941)
  • Malus sylvestris subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
  • Malus sylvestris var. paradisiaca (L.) L.H.Bailey in Hortus Sec.: 457 (1941)
  • Malus sylvestris subsp. praecox (Nyman) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
  • Malus sylvestris var. praecox (Nyman) Ponomar. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 824 (1977)
  • Malus sylvestris subsp. pumila (Mill.) Domin in Preslia 13-15: 133 (1935)
  • Malus sylvestris subsp. sieversii (Ledeb.) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
  • Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa Holandre in Fl. Moselle, ed. 2, 1: 246 (1843)
  • Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch ex Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 208 (1866), nom. illeg.
  • Malus tatarica K.Koch in Dendrologie 1: 204 (1869)
  • Malus tianschanica Sumnev. in Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 795 (1955)
  • Malus tomentosa Dum.Cours. in Bot. Cult., ed. 2, 5: 428 (1811)
  • Malus turbinoides A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883)
  • Malus umbellata Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 235 (1782), not validly publ.
  • Malus upsalensis Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 394 (1893)
  • Malus violacea Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 44 (1835)
  • Malus violacea eyresii Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 44 (1835)
  • Malus viridis A.Sav. in Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 431 (1882 publ. 1883)
  • Pyrenia malus Clairv. in Man. Herbor. Suisse: 162 (1811)
  • Pyrus apiosa Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821), not validly publ.
  • Pyrus armeniacifolia Dochnahl in Obstk. 1: 16 (1855), not validly publ.
  • Pyrus astracanica (Dum.Cours.) DC. in Prodr. 2: 635 (1825)
  • Pyrus cavillea Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
  • Pyrus cestiana Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
  • Pyrus chitralensis (Vassilcz.) M.F.Fay & Christenh. in Global Fl. 4: 100 (2018)
  • Pyrus dioica Moench in Verz. Ausländ. Bäume: 87 (1785), nom. rej.
  • Pyrus divisa Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 38 (1822)
  • Pyrus epirotica Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
  • Pyrus eryostyla (Moris) Guss. in Fl. Sicul. Prodr., Suppl.: 154 (1832)
  • Pyrus fontanesia Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 4: n.° 79 (1835)
  • Pyrus fontanesiana (Spach) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 423 (1841)
  • Pyrus malus L., Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753)
  • Pyrus malus var. abortiva Druce in Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 35 (1923 publ. 1924)
  • Pyrus malus var. amara Hartm. in Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 2: 136 (1832)
  • Pyrus malus monstr. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus var. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1917)
  • Pyrus malus apetala Münchh. in Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770), not validly publ.
  • Pyrus malus var. appiana Plinius ex Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 316 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus var. astracanica (Dum.Cours.) Loudon ex L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2870 (1916)
  • Pyrus malus lusus aucubifolia (J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn.) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus var. aucubifolia J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 320 (1864)
  • Pyrus malus var. austera Wallr. in Sched. Crit.: 215 (1822)
  • Pyrus malus var. cavillea L. in Sp. Pl., ed. 2.: 686 (1762)
  • Pyrus malus var. cestiana L. in Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753)
  • Pyrus malus conica Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 160 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. conocarpa Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 315 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus costata Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 156 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. costata (Dierb.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 315 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus var. epirotica L. in Sp. Pl.: 480 (1753)
  • Pyrus malus var. eriostyla Moris in Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2: 3 (1828)
  • Pyrus malus floribunda Tipping in Garden (London, 1871-1927) 80: 287 (1916)
  • Pyrus malus var. frutescens (Münchh.) Borkh. in Vers. Forstbot. Beschr.: 175 (1790)
  • Pyrus malus frutescens Münchh. in Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770)
  • Pyrus malus fruticosa Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 155 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus var. hortensis Willk. in M.Willkomm & J.M.C.Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 194 (1874)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. hortensis Cout. in Fl. Portugal: 290 (1913)
  • Pyrus malus hortensis Willk. in M.Willkomm & J.M.C.Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 194 (1874)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. megamila Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 317 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus var. minor K.Koch in Linnaea 19: 43 (1847)
  • Pyrus malus var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus lusus nigra (Dippel) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus oblongus N.Terracc. in Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 107 (1891)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 315 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. in Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753)
  • Pyrus malus proles paradisiaca (L.) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 76 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus pendula R.Möller in Gart.-Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 402 (1884)
  • Pyrus malus var. pendula (R.Möller) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1916)
  • Pyrus malus lusus pendula (R.Möller) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus plana Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 160 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus plena Weston in Bot. Univ. 1: 230 (1770)
  • Pyrus malus var. plena L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1916)
  • Pyrus malus pleniflora Münchh. in Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770), not validly publ.
  • Pyrus malus subsp. praecox Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 240 (1878)
  • Pyrus malus var. prasomila L. in Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. prasomila (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 317 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus var. pumila (Mill.) A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 6: 1570 (1912)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. pumila (Mill.) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 75 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus regia Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 158 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus rosea Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 157 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus var. rossica Litv. in Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr: 198 (1917)
  • Pyrus malus var. rubelliana L. in Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753)
  • Pyrus malus sargentii Anon. in J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 41(2): cxix (1915)
  • Pyrus malus var. sativa Weston in Bot. Univ. 1: 230 (1770), nom. nud.
  • Pyrus malus var. sativa Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 117-118 (1812), nom. illeg.
  • Pyrus malus var. sieversii (Ledeb.) Wenz. in Linnaea 38: 32 (1873)
  • Pyrus malus var. strepens Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 316 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus subsp. striata Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 317 (1834)
  • Pyrus malus striatofasciata Dierb. in Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 157 (1827)
  • Pyrus malus var. tomentosa Neilr. in Fl. Nied.-Oesterr.: 886 (1859), nom. illeg.
  • Pyrus malus tomentosa Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 2: 96 (1843)
  • Pyrus malus var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch in Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 235 (1836)
  • Pyrus malus transitoria Anon. in Garden (London, 1871-1927) 86: 493 (1922)
  • Pyrus malus f. translucens Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 276 (1894)
  • Pyrus malus var. translucens Hartwig in Ill. Gehölzb.: 266 (1892)
  • Pyrus malus lusus translucens (Hartwig) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
  • Pyrus malus var. ussuriensis Rupr. ex Koehne in Deut. Dendrol.: 245 (1893)
  • Pyrus malus var. wojejkowii Litv. in Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr: 198 (1917)
  • Pyrus niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Hemsl. in Bot. Mag. 130: t. 7975 (1904)
  • Pyrus pollveria Lej. in Fl. Spa 2: 311 (1813), sensu auct.
  • Pyrus praecox Pall. in Fl. Ross. 1: 22 (1784), nom. superfl., nom. rej.
  • Pyrus prasomila (L.) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
  • Pyrus pulverulenta K.Koch in Dendrologie 1: 208 (1869)
  • Pyrus pumila (Mill.) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 671 (1821)
  • Pyrus rubelliana Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 671 (1821)
  • Pyrus saxatilis Schltdl. ex Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 2: 97 (1843)
  • Pyrus sieversii Bunge in C.F.von Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 222 (1830)
  • Pyrus songarica Fisch. ex Juz. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 9: 363 (1939)
  • Pyrus sylvestris var. sativa Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 562 (1821 publ. 1822)
  • Pyrus tomentosa (Dum.Cours.) DC. in Prodr. 2: 637 (1825)
  • Sorbus malus (L.) Crantz in Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 57 (1763)
    

Note: Synonymy sensu Govaerts & Hassler (2025), if Malus sieversii is segregated then the combinations under this species are transferred there.

Hybrids

• M. × adstringens – M. × dawsoniana
  

References

Primary references

• Borkhausen, M.B. 1803. Theoretisches-praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik und Forsttechnologie 2: 1272.

Additional references

• Qian, G.-Z., Liu, L.-F. & Tang, G.-G. 2010. (1933) Proposal to conserve the name Malus domestica against M. pumila, M. communis, M. frutescens, and Pyrus dioica (Rosaceae). Taxon 59:2 650-652. PDF Reference page. 

Links

• Govaerts, R. et al. 2025. Malus domestica in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2025 Dec 30. Reference page. 
• Hassler, M. 2025. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Malus domestica. Accessed: 30 Dec 2025. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2025. Malus domestica. Published online. Accessed: Dec 30 2025. Reference page.
• Tropicos.org 2025. Malus domestica. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 30 Dec 2025. Reference page.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database.

Vernacular names

• Basa Bali: Apel
• български: Ябълка
• català: Poma
• čeština: jabloň domácí
• Deutsch: Apfel
• Ελληνικά: Μηλιά
• English: Domesticated Apple
• español: Manzano
• eesti: Aed-õunapuu
• suomi: Tarhaomenapuu
• Nordfriisk: Aapel
• français: Pomme
• furlan: Melâr
• Hawaiʻi: ‘Āpala
• Bahasa Indonesia: Apel
• italiano: Melo
• 日本語: セイヨウリンゴ
• 한국어: 사과나무
• kurdî: Sêv
• Mirandés: Maçaneira
• norsk: Eple
• português: Maçã, Macieira
• русский: Яблоня домашняя
• српски / srpski: Јабука домаћа
• Türkçe: Elma
• українська: Яблуня домашня
• vèneto: Pomaro

For more multimedia, look at Malus domestica on Wikimedia Commons.