Alveolata

Paramecium (phyla Ciliophora)

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Chromista
Subregnum: Harosa
Infraregnum: Alveolata
Phyla: Ciliophora - Myzozoa

Name

Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1991

References

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 1991. Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates. In: D.J. Patterson & J. Larsen (eds.), The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Oxford University Press, pp. 113-131.
• Cavalier-Smith T. 2003. Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European Journal of Protistology 39: 338–348. DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00002 Reference page. 
• Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E.E.-Y. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.). European Journal of Protistology 40(3): 185–212. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2004.01.002 Reference page. 

Vernacular names

English: Alveolates
eesti: Alveolaadid
français: Alvéolés
中文: 囊泡下界

Alternative classifications

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

• Phylum Alveolata Cavalier-Smith, 1992
  • Subphylum Dinoflagellata Bütschli, 1885 (Dinozoa, Dinophyta)
    • Class Diniferea
    • Class Syndinea
  • Subphylum Perkinsozoa Noreen et al. 1999
    • Family Colpodellidae Simpson & Patterson, 1996
  • Subphylum Apicomplexa Levine,1970
    • Class Gregarinea Dufour, 1828
    • Class Coccidea Leukart, 1879
      • Order Agamococcida Levine, 1979
      • Order Protococcida Kheisin, 1956 (Coelotrophida)
      • Order Adeleida Leger, 1911
      • Order Eimeriida Leger, 1911
    • Class Haematozoea Vivier, 1982
      • Order Haemosporida Danilewsky, 1885
      • Order Piroplasmida Wenyon, 1926
  • Subphylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901
    • Superclass Postciliodesmatophora Gerassimova & Seravin, 1976
    • Superclass Intramacronucleata Lynn, 1996
  • Subphylum Haplospora Caulery & Mesnil, 1889

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S. M. et al. (2012). The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–514, [1].

Eukaryota

• Sar Burki et al., 2008 (R)
  • Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
    • Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991, emend. Adl et al. 2012 (P)
      • Chromerida Moore et al. 2008 (P?)
        • Chromera, Vitrella
      • Colpodellida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (P?)
        • Alphamonas, Colpodella, Voromonas
      • Perkinsidae Levine 1978, emend. Adl et al. 2005
        • Parvilucifera, Perkinsus
      • Oxyrrhis Dujardin 1841 (Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia 1984) (M)
      • Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976
        • Amoebophrya, Duboscquella, Merodinium, Syndinium
    • Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885, emend. Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005
      • Noctilucales Haeckel 1894 (Noctiluciphyceae Fensome et al. 1993)
        • Abedinium, Cachonodinium, Craspedotella, Cymbodinium, Kofoidinium, Leptodiscus, Noctiluca, Petalodinium, Pomatodinium, Scaphodinium, Spatulodinium
      • Dinophyceae Pascher 1914
        • Gymnodiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
          • Gymnodinium F. Stein 1878, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
            • Dissodinium, Gymnodinium, Lepidodinium, Nematodinium, Polykrikos, Proterythropsis, Warnowia
          • Amphidinium Claparède & Lachmann 1859, emend. Flø Jørgensen et al. 2004 sensu stricto
          • Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
          • Kareniaceae Bergholtz et al. 2005
            • Brachidinium, Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama
          • Ptychodiscales Fensome et al. 1993
            • Achradina, Amphitolus, Balechina, Ptychodiscus, Sclerodinium
          • Borghiellaceae Moestrup et al. 2009
            • Baldinia, Borghiella
          • Tovelliaceae Moestrup et al. 2005
            • Bernardinium, Esopotrodinium, Jadwigia, Tovellia
          • Suessiaceae Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Moestrup et al. 2009
            • Biecheleria, Polarella, Protodinium, Symbiodinium
        • Peridiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
          • Gonyaulacales Taylor 1980
            • Alexandrium, Amylax, Ceratium, Coolia, Fragilidium, Gambierdiscus, Goniodoma, Gonyaulax, Lingulodinium, Ostreopsis, Peridinella, Protoceratium, Pyrocystis, Pyrophacus
          • Peridiniales Haeckel 1894
            • Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Blastodinium, Diplopelta, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Herdmania, Oblea, Peridinium, Peridiniopsis, Preperidinium, Protoperidinium
          • Thoracosphaeraceae Schiller 1930
            • Amyloodinium, Cryptoperidiniopsis, Ensiculifera, Leonella, Luciella, Paulsenella, Pentapharsodinium, Pfiesteria, Scrippsiella, Stoeckeria, Thoracosphaera, Tyrannodinium
          • Podolampadaceae Lindemann 1928
            • Blepharocysta, Gaarderiella, Heterobractum, Lissodinium, Mysticella, Podolampas
        • Dinophysiales Kofoid 1926
          • Amphisolenia, Citharistes, Dinophysis, Histioneis, Ornithocercus, Oxyphysis, Phalacroma, Sinophysis, Triposolenia
        • Prorocentrales Lemmermann 1910
          • Mesoporus, Prorocentrum
      • Incertae sedis Dinoflagellata: (Blastodiniales Chatton 1906, no longer valid). Amyloodinium, Apodinium, Cachonella, Crepidoodinium, Haplozoon, Oodinium, Piscinodinium, Protoodinium
    • Apicomplexa Levine 1980, emend. Adl et al. 2005
      • Aconoidasida Mehlhorn et al. 1980 (= Hematozoa Vivier 1982)
        • Haemospororida Danilewsky 1885
          • Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Mesnilium, Plasmodium
        • Piroplasmorida Wenyon 1926
          • Babesia, Theileria
      • Conoidasida Levine 1988
        • Coccidia Leuckart 1879
          • Adeleorina Léger 1911
            • Adelea, Adelina, Dactylosoma, Haemolivia, Hepatozoon, Haemogregarina, Karyolyssus, Klossia, Klossiella
          • Eimeriorina Léger 1911
            • Atoxoplasma, Barrouxia, Besnoitia, Caryospora, Caryotropha, Choleoeimeria, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, Defretinella, Diaspora, Dorisa, Dorisiella, Eimeria, Goussia, Hammondia, Hyaloklossia, Isospora, Lankesterella, Mantonella, Neospora, Nephroisospora, Ovivora, Pfeifferinella, Pseudoklossia, Sarcocystis, Schellackia, Toxoplasma, Tyzzeria, Wenyonella
        • Gregarinasina Dufour 1828
          • Archigregarinorida Grassé 1953
            • Filipodium, Platyproteum, Selenidium, Veloxidium
          • Eugregarinorida Léger 1900
            • Amoebogregarina, Ascogregarina, Blabericola, Cephaloidophora, Colepismatophila, Difficilina, Ganymedes, Geneiorhynchus, Gregarina, Heliospora, Hoplorhynchus, Lankesteria, Lecudina, Leidyana, Lithocystis, Neoasterophora, Paraschneideria, Phyllochaetopterus, Prismatospora, Protomagalhaensia, Psychodiella, Pterospora, Pyxinia, Stenophora, Stylocephalus, Syncystis, Thiriotia, Trichotokara, Xiphocephalus
          • Neogregarinorida Grassé 1953
            • Mattesia, Ophryocystis, Schyzocystis, Syncystis
          • Incertae sedis Gregarinasina: Acuta, Cephalolobus, Gregarina, Levinea, Menospora, Nematocystis, Nematopsis, Steinina, Trichorhynchus
        • Cryptosporidium
      • Incertae sedis Apicomplexa:
        • Agamococcidiorida Levine 1979
          • Gemmocystis, Rhytidocystis
        • Protococcidiorida Kheisin 1956
          • Angeiocystis, Coelotropha, Grellia, Eleutheroschizon, Mackinnonia, Myriosporides, Myriospora, Sawayella
        • Agreggata, Nephromyces
    • Ciliophora Doflein 1901 (Ciliata Perty 1852; Infusoria Bütschli 1887)
      • Postciliodesmatophora Gerassimova & Seravin 1976
        • Karyorelictea Corliss 1974
          • Kentrophoros, Loxodes, Trachelocerca
        • Heterotrichea Stein 1859
          • Blepharisma, Climacostomum, Folliculina, Stentor
      • Intramacronucleata Lynn 1996
        • Cariacothrix Orsi et al. 2012 (Cariacotrichea Orsi et al. 2011) (M)
        • Spirotrichea Bütschli 1889 (R)
          • Armophorea Lynn 2004 (R)
            • Armophorida Jankowksi 1964
              • Caenomorpha, Metopus
            • Clevelandellida de Puytorac & Grain 1976
              • Clevelandella, Nyctotherus, Paracichlidotherus
          • Litostomatea Small & Lynn 1981
            • Haptoria Corliss 1974 (P)
              • Didinium, Lacrymaria, Lagynophrya
            • Rhynchostomatia Jankowski 1980, emend. Vd'ačný et al. 2011
              • Dileptus, Dimacrocaryon, Trachelius
            • Trichostomatia Bütschli 1889
              • Balantidium, Entodinium, Isotricha, Ophryoscolex
          • Conthreep Lynn in Adl et al. 2012 [Ventrata Cavalier-Smith 2004] (R)
            • Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al. 1974
              • Synhymenia de Puytorac et al. in Deroux, 1978
                • Synhymenia, Zosterodasys
              • Cyrtophoria Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss, 1956
                • Brooklynella, Chilodonella
              • Chonotrichia Wallengren 1895
                • Chilodochona, Spirochona
              • Rhynchodia Chatton & Lwoff 1939
                • Ancistrocoma, Ignotocoma, Stegotricha
              • Suctoria Claparède & Lachmann 1858
                • Acineta, Discophrya, Ephelota, Tokophrya
            • Nassophorea Small & Lynn 1981 (P?)
              • Microthorax, Nassula, Pseudomicrothorax
            • Colpodea Small & Lynn 1981
              • Platyophryida Puytorac et al. 1979
                • Platyophrya, Sorogena
              • Bursariomorphida Fernández-Galiano 1978
                • Bryometopus, Bursaria
              • Cyrtolophosidida Foissner 1978
                • Aristerostoma, Cyrtolophosis
              • Colpodida de Puytorac et al. 1974
                • Colpoda, Pseudoplatyophrya
            • Prostomatea Schewiakoff 1896
              • Coleps, Cryptocaryon, Holophrya, Prorodon, Urotricha
            • Plagiopylea Small & Lynn 1985, sensu Lynn 2008 (R)
              • Plagiopylida Jankowski 1978
                • Lechriopyla, Plagiopyla, Sonderia, Trimyema
              • Odontostomatida Sawaya 1940
                • Discomorphella, Epalxella
            • Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al. 1974
              • Peniculia Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956
                • Frontonia, Paramecium, Stokesia
              • Scuticociliatia Small 1967
                • Anophryoides, Cyclidium, Loxocephalus, Philasterides, Pleuronema
              • Hymenostomatia Delage & Hérouard 1896
                • Colpidium, Glaucoma, Ichthyophthirius, Tetrahymena
              • Apostomatia Chatton & Lwoff 1928
                • Foettingeria, Gymnodinioides, Hyalophysa
              • Peritrichia Stein 1859
                • Carchesium, Epistylis, Trichodina, Vorticella, Zoothamnium
              • Astomatia Schewiakoff 1896
                • Anoplophrya, Haptophrya
    • Incertae sedis Alveolata
      • Ellobiopsidae (Ellobiopsis, Thalassomyces)
      • Colponema

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [2].

• Superkingdom Prokaryota
  • Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
  • Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Protozoa
    • Subkingdom Eozoa
      • Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
      • Infrakingdom Excavata
    • Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
      • Phylum Amoebozoa
      • Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
      • Phylum Sulcozoa
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
          • Phylum Ciliophora
          • Phylum Miozoa
            • Subphylum Myzozoa
              • Infraphylum Apicomplexa
              • Infraphylum Dinozoa
                • Superclass Dinoflagellata
                • Superclass Perkinsozoa
                  • Class Myzomonadea
                    • Order Algovorida
                  • Class Perkinsea
                    • Order Perkinsida
                    • Order Phagodinida
            • Subphylum Protalveolata
              • Class Colponemea
                • Order Colponemida
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
  • Kingdom Fungi
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
  • Kingdom Animalia