Rhizaria

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Chromista
Subregnum: Harosa
Infraregnum: Rhizaria
Cladus: Retaria
Phyla: Cercozoa – Foraminifera – Radiozoa

Overview of classes

Acantharia – Ascetosporea – Chlorarachnea – Globothalamea – Granofilosea – Gromiidea – Imbricatea – Metromonadea – Monothalamea – Phytomyxea – Polycystina – Proteomyxidea – Sarcomonadea – Skiomonadea – Sticholonchea – Thecofilosea – Tubothalamea

Name

Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002

References

• Archibald, J.M.; Keeling, P.J. 2004: Actin and ubiquitin protein sequences support a cercozoan/foraminiferan ancestry for the plasmodiophorid plant pathogens. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 51(1): 113–118. [1]
• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003: Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European journal of protistology, 39: 338–348.
• Parfrey LW, Barbero E, Lasser E, Dunthorn M, Bhattacharya D, et al. (2006) Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity. PLoS Genet 2(12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220

Links

• Rhizaria in the World Register of Marine Species

Vernacular names

français: Rhizaires
中文: 有孔虫下界

Alternative classifications

Cavalier-Smith (2002)

Cavalier-Smith, T 2002: The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 52:297-354.

Protozoa

• Gymnomyxa
  • Sarcomastigota
  • Rhizaria
    • Apusozoa
      • Ancyromonadida
      • Apusomonadida
      • Hemimastigida
    • Cercozoa
      • Monadofilosa
      • Reticulofilosa
      • Endomyxa
    • Retaria
      • Foraminifera
      • Radiolaria
    • Heliozoa
      • Centrohelea
      • Nucleohelea

Nikolaev et al. (2005)

From The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes, [2].

Eukaryota

• Bikonta
  • Rhizaria
    • core Cercozoa
      • Phaeodarea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Desmothoracida ["Heliozoa"]
      • other core Cercozoa
    • Phytomyxea
    • Haplosporidia
    • Foraminifera
    • Gromiidae
    • [unnamed]
      • Acantharea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Taxopodida ["Heliozoa"]
      • Polycystinea ["Radiolaria"]
  • Stramenopiles
    • Actinophryida ["Heliozoa"]
  • Centrohelida ["Heliozoa"]

Adl et al. (2005)

Adl, S.M. et al. 2005: The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 52: 399–451. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x PDF

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

• Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002
  • Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998, emend. Adl et al., 2005
    • Cercomonadida Poche, 1913, emend. Vickerman, 1983, emend. Mylnikov, 1986
    • Silicofilosea Adl et al., 2005 (Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2003)
    • Chlorarachniophyta Hibberd and Norris, 1984
    • Phytomyxea Engler and Prantl, 1897, emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Phaeodarea Haeckel, 1879 (Tripylea Hertwig, 1879)
    • Nucleohelea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Incertae sedis
  • Haplosporidia Caullery and Mesnil, 1899
  • Foraminifera d’Orbigny, 1826
  • Gromia Dujardin, 1835
  • Radiolaria Müller, 1858, emend. Adl et al., 2005
    • Polycystinea Ehrenberg, 1838, emend. Haeckel, 1887
    • Sticholonche Hertwig, 1877 (Taxopodida Fol, 1883)
    • Acantharia Haeckel, 1881, emend. Mikrjukov, 2000

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Lane, C. E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S. S., Brown, M. W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D. H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E. A. D., Mozley-Stanridge, S. E., Parfrey, L. W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C. L., Smirnov, A. and Spiegel, F. W. (2012), The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 59: 429–514. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x, [3].

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

• Sar Burki et al. 2007
  • Stramenopiles Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
  • Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002
    • Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (R)
    • Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002
    • Incertae sedis Rhizaria: Gymnosphaerida Poche 1913, emend. Mikrjukov 2000
      • Actinocoryne, Gymnosphaera, Hedraiophrys
    • Incertae sedis Rhizaria: Actinolophus, Biomyxa, Cholamonas, Dictiomyxa, Helkesimastix, Katabia, Myxodictyium [= Myxodictyum], Penardia, Pontomyxa, Protomyxa, Protogenes, Pseudospora, Rhizoplasma, Sainouron, Wagnerella

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [4].

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
        • Phylum Cercozoa
        • Phylum Retaria

For more multimedia, look at Rhizaria on Wikimedia Commons.